nautilus_model/

position.rs

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Copyright (C) 2015-2025 Nautech Systems Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.
//  https://nautechsystems.io
//
//  Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3.0 (the "License");
//  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//! A `Position` for the trading domain model.

use std::{
    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
    fmt::Display,
    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
};

use nautilus_core::{
    UnixNanos,
    correctness::{FAILED, check_equal, check_predicate_true},
};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

use crate::{
    enums::{OrderSide, OrderSideSpecified, PositionSide},
    events::OrderFilled,
    identifiers::{
        AccountId, ClientOrderId, InstrumentId, PositionId, StrategyId, Symbol, TradeId, TraderId,
        Venue, VenueOrderId,
    },
    instruments::{Instrument, InstrumentAny},
    types::{Currency, Money, Price, Quantity},
};

/// Represents a position in a market.
///
/// The position ID may be assigned at the trading venue, or can be system
/// generated depending on a strategies OMS (Order Management System) settings.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "python",
    pyo3::pyclass(module = "nautilus_trader.core.nautilus_pyo3.model")
)]
pub struct Position {
    pub events: Vec<OrderFilled>,
    pub trader_id: TraderId,
    pub strategy_id: StrategyId,
    pub instrument_id: InstrumentId,
    pub id: PositionId,
    pub account_id: AccountId,
    pub opening_order_id: ClientOrderId,
    pub closing_order_id: Option<ClientOrderId>,
    pub entry: OrderSide,
    pub side: PositionSide,
    pub signed_qty: f64,
    pub quantity: Quantity,
    pub peak_qty: Quantity,
    pub price_precision: u8,
    pub size_precision: u8,
    pub multiplier: Quantity,
    pub is_inverse: bool,
    pub base_currency: Option<Currency>,
    pub quote_currency: Currency,
    pub settlement_currency: Currency,
    pub ts_init: UnixNanos,
    pub ts_opened: UnixNanos,
    pub ts_last: UnixNanos,
    pub ts_closed: Option<UnixNanos>,
    pub duration_ns: u64,
    pub avg_px_open: f64,
    pub avg_px_close: Option<f64>,
    pub realized_return: f64,
    pub realized_pnl: Option<Money>,
    pub trade_ids: Vec<TradeId>,
    pub buy_qty: Quantity,
    pub sell_qty: Quantity,
    pub commissions: HashMap<Currency, Money>,
}

impl Position {
    /// Creates a new [`Position`] instance.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// This function panics if:
    /// - The `instrument.id()` does not match the `fill.instrument_id`.
    /// - The `fill.order_side` is `NoOrderSide`.
    /// - The `fill.position_id` is `None`.
    pub fn new(instrument: &InstrumentAny, fill: OrderFilled) -> Self {
        check_equal(
            &instrument.id(),
            &fill.instrument_id,
            "instrument.id()",
            "fill.instrument_id",
        )
        .expect(FAILED);
        assert_ne!(fill.order_side, OrderSide::NoOrderSide);

        let position_id = fill.position_id.expect("No position ID to open `Position`");

        let mut item = Self {
            events: Vec::<OrderFilled>::new(),
            trade_ids: Vec::<TradeId>::new(),
            buy_qty: Quantity::zero(instrument.size_precision()),
            sell_qty: Quantity::zero(instrument.size_precision()),
            commissions: HashMap::<Currency, Money>::new(),
            trader_id: fill.trader_id,
            strategy_id: fill.strategy_id,
            instrument_id: fill.instrument_id,
            id: position_id,
            account_id: fill.account_id,
            opening_order_id: fill.client_order_id,
            closing_order_id: None,
            entry: fill.order_side,
            side: PositionSide::Flat,
            signed_qty: 0.0,
            quantity: fill.last_qty,
            peak_qty: fill.last_qty,
            price_precision: instrument.price_precision(),
            size_precision: instrument.size_precision(),
            multiplier: instrument.multiplier(),
            is_inverse: instrument.is_inverse(),
            base_currency: instrument.base_currency(),
            quote_currency: instrument.quote_currency(),
            settlement_currency: instrument.cost_currency(),
            ts_init: fill.ts_init,
            ts_opened: fill.ts_event,
            ts_last: fill.ts_event,
            ts_closed: None,
            duration_ns: 0,
            avg_px_open: fill.last_px.as_f64(),
            avg_px_close: None,
            realized_return: 0.0,
            realized_pnl: None,
        };
        item.apply(&fill);
        item
    }

    /// Purges all order fill events for the given client order ID and recalculates derived state.
    ///
    /// # Warning
    ///
    /// This operation recalculates the entire position from scratch after removing the specified
    /// order's fills. This is an expensive operation and should be used sparingly.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if after purging, no fills remain and the position cannot be reconstructed.
    pub fn purge_events_for_order(&mut self, client_order_id: ClientOrderId) {
        // Filter out events from the specified order
        let filtered_events: Vec<OrderFilled> = self
            .events
            .iter()
            .filter(|e| e.client_order_id != client_order_id)
            .copied()
            .collect();

        // If no events remain, log warning - position should be closed/removed instead
        if filtered_events.is_empty() {
            log::warn!(
                "Position {} has no fills remaining after purging order {}; consider closing the position instead",
                self.id,
                client_order_id
            );
            // Reset to flat state, clearing all history
            self.events.clear();
            self.trade_ids.clear();
            self.buy_qty = Quantity::zero(self.size_precision);
            self.sell_qty = Quantity::zero(self.size_precision);
            self.commissions.clear();
            self.signed_qty = 0.0;
            self.quantity = Quantity::zero(self.size_precision);
            self.side = PositionSide::Flat;
            self.avg_px_close = None;
            self.realized_pnl = None;
            self.realized_return = 0.0;
            self.ts_opened = UnixNanos::default();
            self.ts_last = UnixNanos::default();
            self.ts_closed = Some(UnixNanos::default());
            self.duration_ns = 0;
            return;
        }

        // Recalculate position from scratch
        // Save immutable fields needed for reconstruction
        let position_id = self.id;
        let size_precision = self.size_precision;

        // Reset mutable state
        self.events = Vec::new();
        self.trade_ids = Vec::new();
        self.buy_qty = Quantity::zero(size_precision);
        self.sell_qty = Quantity::zero(size_precision);
        self.commissions.clear();
        self.signed_qty = 0.0;
        self.quantity = Quantity::zero(size_precision);
        self.peak_qty = Quantity::zero(size_precision);
        self.side = PositionSide::Flat;
        self.avg_px_open = 0.0;
        self.avg_px_close = None;
        self.realized_pnl = None;
        self.realized_return = 0.0;

        // Use the first remaining event to set opening state
        let first_event = &filtered_events[0];
        self.entry = first_event.order_side;
        self.opening_order_id = first_event.client_order_id;
        self.ts_opened = first_event.ts_event;
        self.ts_init = first_event.ts_init;
        self.closing_order_id = None;
        self.ts_closed = None;
        self.duration_ns = 0;

        // Reapply all remaining fills to reconstruct state
        for event in filtered_events {
            self.apply(&event);
        }

        log::info!(
            "Purged fills for order {} from position {}; recalculated state: qty={}, signed_qty={}, side={:?}",
            client_order_id,
            position_id,
            self.quantity,
            self.signed_qty,
            self.side
        );
    }

    /// Applies an `OrderFilled` event to this position.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if the `fill.trade_id` is already present in the position’s `trade_ids`.
    pub fn apply(&mut self, fill: &OrderFilled) {
        check_predicate_true(
            !self.trade_ids.contains(&fill.trade_id),
            "`fill.trade_id` already contained in `trade_ids",
        )
        .expect(FAILED);
        check_predicate_true(fill.ts_event >= self.ts_opened, "fill.ts_event < ts_opened")
            .expect(FAILED);

        if self.side == PositionSide::Flat {
            // Reset position
            self.events.clear();
            self.trade_ids.clear();
            self.buy_qty = Quantity::zero(self.size_precision);
            self.sell_qty = Quantity::zero(self.size_precision);
            self.commissions.clear();
            self.opening_order_id = fill.client_order_id;
            self.closing_order_id = None;
            self.peak_qty = Quantity::zero(self.size_precision);
            self.ts_init = fill.ts_init;
            self.ts_opened = fill.ts_event;
            self.ts_closed = None;
            self.duration_ns = 0;
            self.avg_px_open = fill.last_px.as_f64();
            self.avg_px_close = None;
            self.realized_return = 0.0;
            self.realized_pnl = None;
        }

        self.events.push(*fill);
        self.trade_ids.push(fill.trade_id);

        // Calculate cumulative commissions
        if let Some(commission) = fill.commission {
            let commission_currency = commission.currency;
            if let Some(existing_commission) = self.commissions.get_mut(&commission_currency) {
                *existing_commission += commission;
            } else {
                self.commissions.insert(commission_currency, commission);
            }
        }

        // Calculate avg prices, points, return, PnL
        match fill.specified_side() {
            OrderSideSpecified::Buy => {
                self.handle_buy_order_fill(fill);
            }
            OrderSideSpecified::Sell => {
                self.handle_sell_order_fill(fill);
            }
        }

        // Set quantities
        // SAFETY: size_precision is valid from instrument
        self.quantity = Quantity::new(self.signed_qty.abs(), self.size_precision);
        if self.quantity > self.peak_qty {
            self.peak_qty = self.quantity;
        }

        // Set state
        if self.signed_qty > 0.0 {
            self.entry = OrderSide::Buy;
            self.side = PositionSide::Long;
        } else if self.signed_qty < 0.0 {
            self.entry = OrderSide::Sell;
            self.side = PositionSide::Short;
        } else {
            self.side = PositionSide::Flat;
            self.closing_order_id = Some(fill.client_order_id);
            self.ts_closed = Some(fill.ts_event);
            self.duration_ns = if let Some(ts_closed) = self.ts_closed {
                ts_closed.as_u64() - self.ts_opened.as_u64()
            } else {
                0
            };
        }

        self.ts_last = fill.ts_event;
    }

    fn handle_buy_order_fill(&mut self, fill: &OrderFilled) {
        // Handle case where commission could be None or not settlement currency
        let mut realized_pnl = if let Some(commission) = fill.commission {
            if commission.currency == self.settlement_currency {
                -commission.as_f64()
            } else {
                0.0
            }
        } else {
            0.0
        };

        let last_px = fill.last_px.as_f64();
        let last_qty = fill.last_qty.as_f64();
        let last_qty_object = fill.last_qty;

        if self.signed_qty > 0.0 {
            self.avg_px_open = self.calculate_avg_px_open_px(last_px, last_qty);
        } else if self.signed_qty < 0.0 {
            // SHORT POSITION
            let avg_px_close = self.calculate_avg_px_close_px(last_px, last_qty);
            self.avg_px_close = Some(avg_px_close);
            self.realized_return = self
                .calculate_return(self.avg_px_open, avg_px_close)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    log::error!("Error calculating return: {e}");
                    0.0
                });
            realized_pnl += self
                .calculate_pnl_raw(self.avg_px_open, last_px, last_qty)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    log::error!("Error calculating PnL: {e}");
                    0.0
                });
        }

        let current_pnl = self.realized_pnl.map_or(0.0, |p| p.as_f64());
        self.realized_pnl = Some(Money::new(
            current_pnl + realized_pnl,
            self.settlement_currency,
        ));

        self.signed_qty += last_qty;
        self.buy_qty += last_qty_object;
    }

    fn handle_sell_order_fill(&mut self, fill: &OrderFilled) {
        // Handle case where commission could be None or not settlement currency
        let mut realized_pnl = if let Some(commission) = fill.commission {
            if commission.currency == self.settlement_currency {
                -commission.as_f64()
            } else {
                0.0
            }
        } else {
            0.0
        };

        let last_px = fill.last_px.as_f64();
        let last_qty = fill.last_qty.as_f64();
        let last_qty_object = fill.last_qty;

        if self.signed_qty < 0.0 {
            self.avg_px_open = self.calculate_avg_px_open_px(last_px, last_qty);
        } else if self.signed_qty > 0.0 {
            let avg_px_close = self.calculate_avg_px_close_px(last_px, last_qty);
            self.avg_px_close = Some(avg_px_close);
            self.realized_return = self
                .calculate_return(self.avg_px_open, avg_px_close)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    log::error!("Error calculating return: {e}");
                    0.0
                });
            realized_pnl += self
                .calculate_pnl_raw(self.avg_px_open, last_px, last_qty)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    log::error!("Error calculating PnL: {e}");
                    0.0
                });
        }

        let current_pnl = self.realized_pnl.map_or(0.0, |p| p.as_f64());
        self.realized_pnl = Some(Money::new(
            current_pnl + realized_pnl,
            self.settlement_currency,
        ));

        self.signed_qty -= last_qty;
        self.sell_qty += last_qty_object;
    }

    /// Calculates the average price using f64 arithmetic.
    ///
    /// # Design Decision: f64 vs Fixed-Point Arithmetic
    ///
    /// This function uses f64 arithmetic which provides sufficient precision for financial
    /// calculations in this context. While f64 can introduce precision errors, the risk
    /// is minimal here because:
    ///
    /// 1. **No cumulative error**: Each calculation starts fresh from precise Price and
    ///    Quantity objects (derived from fixed-point raw values via `as_f64()`), rather
    ///    than carrying f64 intermediate results between calculations.
    ///
    /// 2. **Single operation**: This is a single weighted average calculation, not a
    ///    chain of operations where errors would compound.
    ///
    /// 3. **Overflow safety**: Raw integer arithmetic (price_raw * qty_raw) would risk
    ///    overflow even with i128 intermediates, since max values can exceed integer limits.
    ///
    /// 4. **f64 precision**: ~15 decimal digits is sufficient for typical financial
    ///    calculations at this level.
    ///
    /// For scenarios requiring higher precision (regulatory compliance, high-frequency
    /// micro-calculations), consider using Decimal arithmetic libraries.
    ///
    /// # Empirical Precision Validation
    ///
    /// Testing confirms f64 arithmetic maintains accuracy for typical trading scenarios:
    /// - **Typical amounts**: No precision loss for amounts ≥ 0.01 in standard currencies.
    /// - **High-precision instruments**: 9-decimal crypto prices preserved within 1e-6 tolerance.
    /// - **Many fills**: 100 sequential fills show no drift (commission accuracy to 1e-10).
    /// - **Extreme prices**: Handles range from 0.00001 to 99999.99999 without overflow/underflow.
    /// - **Round-trip**: Open/close at same price produces exact PnL (commissions only).
    ///
    /// See precision validation tests: `test_position_pnl_precision_*`
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if:
    /// - Both `qty` and `last_qty` are zero.
    /// - `last_qty` is zero (prevents division by zero).
    /// - `total_qty` is zero or negative (arithmetic error).
    fn calculate_avg_px(
        &self,
        qty: f64,
        avg_pg: f64,
        last_px: f64,
        last_qty: f64,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<f64> {
        if qty == 0.0 && last_qty == 0.0 {
            anyhow::bail!("Cannot calculate average price: both quantities are zero");
        }

        if last_qty == 0.0 {
            anyhow::bail!("Cannot calculate average price: fill quantity is zero");
        }

        if qty == 0.0 {
            return Ok(last_px);
        }

        let start_cost = avg_pg * qty;
        let event_cost = last_px * last_qty;
        let total_qty = qty + last_qty;

        // Runtime check to prevent division by zero even in release builds
        if total_qty <= 0.0 {
            anyhow::bail!(
                "Total quantity unexpectedly zero or negative in average price calculation: qty={}, last_qty={}, total_qty={}",
                qty,
                last_qty,
                total_qty
            );
        }

        Ok((start_cost + event_cost) / total_qty)
    }

    fn calculate_avg_px_open_px(&self, last_px: f64, last_qty: f64) -> f64 {
        self.calculate_avg_px(self.quantity.as_f64(), self.avg_px_open, last_px, last_qty)
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                log::error!("Error calculating average open price: {}", e);
                last_px
            })
    }

    fn calculate_avg_px_close_px(&self, last_px: f64, last_qty: f64) -> f64 {
        let Some(avg_px_close) = self.avg_px_close else {
            return last_px;
        };
        let closing_qty = if self.side == PositionSide::Long {
            self.sell_qty
        } else {
            self.buy_qty
        };
        self.calculate_avg_px(closing_qty.as_f64(), avg_px_close, last_px, last_qty)
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                log::error!("Error calculating average close price: {}", e);
                last_px
            })
    }

    fn calculate_points(&self, avg_px_open: f64, avg_px_close: f64) -> f64 {
        match self.side {
            PositionSide::Long => avg_px_close - avg_px_open,
            PositionSide::Short => avg_px_open - avg_px_close,
            _ => 0.0, // FLAT
        }
    }

    fn calculate_points_inverse(&self, avg_px_open: f64, avg_px_close: f64) -> anyhow::Result<f64> {
        // Epsilon at the limit of IEEE f64 precision before rounding errors (f64::EPSILON ≈ 2.22e-16)
        const EPSILON: f64 = 1e-15;

        // Invalid state: zero or near-zero prices should never occur in valid market data
        if avg_px_open.abs() < EPSILON {
            anyhow::bail!(
                "Cannot calculate inverse points: open price is zero or too small ({})",
                avg_px_open
            );
        }
        if avg_px_close.abs() < EPSILON {
            anyhow::bail!(
                "Cannot calculate inverse points: close price is zero or too small ({})",
                avg_px_close
            );
        }

        let inverse_open = 1.0 / avg_px_open;
        let inverse_close = 1.0 / avg_px_close;
        let result = match self.side {
            PositionSide::Long => inverse_open - inverse_close,
            PositionSide::Short => inverse_close - inverse_open,
            _ => 0.0, // FLAT - this is a valid case
        };
        Ok(result)
    }

    fn calculate_return(&self, avg_px_open: f64, avg_px_close: f64) -> anyhow::Result<f64> {
        // Prevent division by zero in return calculation
        if avg_px_open == 0.0 {
            anyhow::bail!(
                "Cannot calculate return: open price is zero (close price: {})",
                avg_px_close
            );
        }
        Ok(self.calculate_points(avg_px_open, avg_px_close) / avg_px_open)
    }

    fn calculate_pnl_raw(
        &self,
        avg_px_open: f64,
        avg_px_close: f64,
        quantity: f64,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<f64> {
        let quantity = quantity.min(self.signed_qty.abs());
        let result = if self.is_inverse {
            let points = self.calculate_points_inverse(avg_px_open, avg_px_close)?;
            quantity * self.multiplier.as_f64() * points
        } else {
            quantity * self.multiplier.as_f64() * self.calculate_points(avg_px_open, avg_px_close)
        };
        Ok(result)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn calculate_pnl(&self, avg_px_open: f64, avg_px_close: f64, quantity: Quantity) -> Money {
        let pnl_raw = self
            .calculate_pnl_raw(avg_px_open, avg_px_close, quantity.as_f64())
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                log::error!("Error calculating PnL: {e}");
                0.0
            });
        Money::new(pnl_raw, self.settlement_currency)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn total_pnl(&self, last: Price) -> Money {
        let realized_pnl = self.realized_pnl.map_or(0.0, |pnl| pnl.as_f64());
        Money::new(
            realized_pnl + self.unrealized_pnl(last).as_f64(),
            self.settlement_currency,
        )
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn unrealized_pnl(&self, last: Price) -> Money {
        if self.side == PositionSide::Flat {
            Money::new(0.0, self.settlement_currency)
        } else {
            let avg_px_open = self.avg_px_open;
            let avg_px_close = last.as_f64();
            let quantity = self.quantity.as_f64();
            let pnl = self
                .calculate_pnl_raw(avg_px_open, avg_px_close, quantity)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    log::error!("Error calculating unrealized PnL: {e}");
                    0.0
                });
            Money::new(pnl, self.settlement_currency)
        }
    }

    pub fn closing_order_side(&self) -> OrderSide {
        match self.side {
            PositionSide::Long => OrderSide::Sell,
            PositionSide::Short => OrderSide::Buy,
            _ => OrderSide::NoOrderSide,
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_opposite_side(&self, side: OrderSide) -> bool {
        self.entry != side
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn symbol(&self) -> Symbol {
        self.instrument_id.symbol
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn venue(&self) -> Venue {
        self.instrument_id.venue
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn event_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.events.len()
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn client_order_ids(&self) -> Vec<ClientOrderId> {
        // First to hash set to remove duplicate, then again iter to vector
        let mut result = self
            .events
            .iter()
            .map(|event| event.client_order_id)
            .collect::<HashSet<ClientOrderId>>()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Vec<ClientOrderId>>();
        result.sort_unstable();
        result
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn venue_order_ids(&self) -> Vec<VenueOrderId> {
        // First to hash set to remove duplicate, then again iter to vector
        let mut result = self
            .events
            .iter()
            .map(|event| event.venue_order_id)
            .collect::<HashSet<VenueOrderId>>()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Vec<VenueOrderId>>();
        result.sort_unstable();
        result
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn trade_ids(&self) -> Vec<TradeId> {
        let mut result = self
            .events
            .iter()
            .map(|event| event.trade_id)
            .collect::<HashSet<TradeId>>()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Vec<TradeId>>();
        result.sort_unstable();
        result
    }

    /// Calculates the notional value based on the last price.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if `self.base_currency` is `None`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn notional_value(&self, last: Price) -> Money {
        if self.is_inverse {
            Money::new(
                self.quantity.as_f64() * self.multiplier.as_f64() * (1.0 / last.as_f64()),
                self.base_currency.unwrap(),
            )
        } else {
            Money::new(
                self.quantity.as_f64() * last.as_f64() * self.multiplier.as_f64(),
                self.quote_currency,
            )
        }
    }

    /// Returns the last `OrderFilled` event for the position (if any after purging).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn last_event(&self) -> Option<OrderFilled> {
        self.events.last().copied()
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn last_trade_id(&self) -> Option<TradeId> {
        self.trade_ids.last().copied()
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_long(&self) -> bool {
        self.side == PositionSide::Long
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_short(&self) -> bool {
        self.side == PositionSide::Short
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_open(&self) -> bool {
        self.side != PositionSide::Flat && self.ts_closed.is_none()
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
        self.side == PositionSide::Flat && self.ts_closed.is_some()
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn commissions(&self) -> Vec<Money> {
        self.commissions.values().copied().collect()
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Self> for Position {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.id == other.id
    }
}

impl Eq for Position {}

impl Hash for Position {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.id.hash(state);
    }
}

impl Display for Position {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        let quantity_str = if self.quantity != Quantity::zero(self.price_precision) {
            self.quantity.to_formatted_string() + " "
        } else {
            String::new()
        };
        write!(
            f,
            "Position({} {}{}, id={})",
            self.side, quantity_str, self.instrument_id, self.id
        )
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Tests
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::str::FromStr;

    use nautilus_core::UnixNanos;
    use rstest::rstest;

    use crate::{
        enums::{LiquiditySide, OrderSide, OrderType, PositionSide},
        events::OrderFilled,
        identifiers::{
            AccountId, ClientOrderId, PositionId, StrategyId, TradeId, VenueOrderId, stubs::uuid4,
        },
        instruments::{CryptoPerpetual, CurrencyPair, Instrument, InstrumentAny, stubs::*},
        orders::{Order, builder::OrderTestBuilder, stubs::TestOrderEventStubs},
        position::Position,
        stubs::*,
        types::{Currency, Money, Price, Quantity},
    };

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_long_display(stub_position_long: Position) {
        let display = format!("{stub_position_long}");
        assert_eq!(display, "Position(LONG 1 AUD/USD.SIM, id=1)");
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_short_display(stub_position_short: Position) {
        let display = format!("{stub_position_short}");
        assert_eq!(display, "Position(SHORT 1 AUD/USD.SIM, id=1)");
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[should_panic(expected = "`fill.trade_id` already contained in `trade_ids")]
    fn test_two_trades_with_same_trade_id_error(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00002")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());
        position.apply(&fill2.into());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_filled_with_buy_order(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let last_price = Price::from_str("1.0005").unwrap();
        let position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());
        assert_eq!(position.symbol(), audusd_sim.id().symbol);
        assert_eq!(position.venue(), audusd_sim.id().venue);
        assert_eq!(position.closing_order_side(), OrderSide::Sell);
        assert!(!position.is_opposite_side(OrderSide::Buy));
        assert_eq!(position, position); // equality operator test
        assert!(position.closing_order_id.is_none());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(100_000));
        assert_eq!(position.peak_qty, Quantity::from(100_000));
        assert_eq!(position.size_precision, 0);
        assert_eq!(position.signed_qty, 100_000.0);
        assert_eq!(position.entry, OrderSide::Buy);
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Long);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened.as_u64(), 0);
        assert_eq!(position.duration_ns, 0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.00001);
        assert_eq!(position.event_count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(position.id, PositionId::new("1"));
        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 1);
        assert!(position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_short());
        assert!(position.is_open());
        assert!(!position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.realized_return, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-2.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(position.unrealized_pnl(last_price), Money::from("49.0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last_price), Money::from("47.0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("2.0 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(LONG 100_000 AUD/USD.SIM, id=1)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_filled_with_sell_order(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let last_price = Price::from_str("1.00050").unwrap();
        let position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());
        assert_eq!(position.symbol(), audusd_sim.id().symbol);
        assert_eq!(position.venue(), audusd_sim.id().venue);
        assert_eq!(position.closing_order_side(), OrderSide::Buy);
        assert!(!position.is_opposite_side(OrderSide::Sell));
        assert_eq!(position, position); // Equality operator test
        assert!(position.closing_order_id.is_none());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(100_000));
        assert_eq!(position.peak_qty, Quantity::from(100_000));
        assert_eq!(position.signed_qty, -100_000.0);
        assert_eq!(position.entry, OrderSide::Sell);
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Short);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened.as_u64(), 0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.00001);
        assert_eq!(position.event_count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(position.id, PositionId::new("1"));
        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 1);
        assert!(!position.is_long());
        assert!(position.is_short());
        assert!(position.is_open());
        assert!(!position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.realized_return, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-2.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(last_price),
            Money::from("-49.0 USD")
        );
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last_price), Money::from("-51.0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("2.0 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(SHORT 100_000 AUD/USD.SIM, id=1)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_partial_fills_with_buy_order(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            Some(Quantity::from(50_000)),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let last_price = Price::from_str("1.00048").unwrap();
        let position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(50_000));
        assert_eq!(position.peak_qty, Quantity::from(50_000));
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Long);
        assert_eq!(position.signed_qty, 50000.0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.00001);
        assert_eq!(position.event_count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened.as_u64(), 0);
        assert!(position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_short());
        assert!(position.is_open());
        assert!(!position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.realized_return, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-2.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(position.unrealized_pnl(last_price), Money::from("23.5 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last_price), Money::from("21.5 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("2.0 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(LONG 50_000 AUD/USD.SIM, id=1)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_partial_fills_with_two_sell_orders(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            Some(Quantity::from(50_000)),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00002")),
            Some(Quantity::from(50_000)),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let last_price = Price::from_str("1.0005").unwrap();
        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());
        position.apply(&fill2.into());

        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(100_000));
        assert_eq!(position.peak_qty, Quantity::from(100_000));
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Short);
        assert_eq!(position.signed_qty, -100_000.0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.000_015);
        assert_eq!(position.event_count(), 2);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, 0);
        assert!(position.is_short());
        assert!(!position.is_long());
        assert!(position.is_open());
        assert!(!position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.realized_return, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-4.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(last_price),
            Money::from("-48.5 USD")
        );
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last_price), Money::from("-52.5 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("4.0 USD")]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    pub fn test_position_filled_with_buy_order_then_sell_order(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(150_000))
            .build();
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            Some(UnixNanos::from(1_000_000_000)),
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());

        let fill2 = OrderFilled::new(
            order.trader_id(),
            StrategyId::new("S-001"),
            order.instrument_id(),
            order.client_order_id(),
            VenueOrderId::from("2"),
            order.account_id().unwrap_or(AccountId::new("SIM-001")),
            TradeId::new("2"),
            OrderSide::Sell,
            OrderType::Market,
            order.quantity(),
            Price::from("1.00011"),
            audusd_sim.quote_currency(),
            LiquiditySide::Taker,
            uuid4(),
            2_000_000_000.into(),
            0.into(),
            false,
            Some(PositionId::new("T1")),
            Some(Money::from("0.0 USD")),
        );
        position.apply(&fill2);
        let last = Price::from_str("1.0005").unwrap();

        assert!(position.is_opposite_side(fill2.order_side));
        assert_eq!(
            position.quantity,
            Quantity::zero(audusd_sim.price_precision())
        );
        assert_eq!(position.size_precision, 0);
        assert_eq!(position.signed_qty, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Flat);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, 1_000_000_000);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_closed, Some(UnixNanos::from(2_000_000_000)));
        assert_eq!(position.duration_ns, 1_000_000_000);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.00001);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_close, Some(1.00011));
        assert!(!position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_short());
        assert!(!position.is_open());
        assert!(position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.realized_return, 9.999_900_000_998_888e-5);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("13.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(position.unrealized_pnl(last), Money::from("0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("2 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last), Money::from("13 USD"));
        assert_eq!(format!("{position}"), "Position(FLAT AUD/USD.SIM, id=P-1)");
    }

    #[rstest]
    pub fn test_position_filled_with_sell_order_then_buy_order(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::new("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.0")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());
        // create closing from order from different venue but same strategy
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            Some(Quantity::from(50_000)),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let fill3 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00003")),
            Some(Quantity::from(50_000)),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let last = Price::from("1.0005");
        position.apply(&fill2.into());
        position.apply(&fill3.into());

        assert_eq!(
            position.quantity,
            Quantity::zero(audusd_sim.price_precision())
        );
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Flat);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, 0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.0);
        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_closed, Some(UnixNanos::default()));
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_close, Some(1.00002));
        assert!(!position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_short());
        assert!(!position.is_open());
        assert!(position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("6.0 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(position.unrealized_pnl(last), Money::from("0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-8.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last), Money::from("-8.0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(FLAT AUD/USD.SIM, id=P-19700101-000000-001-001-1)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_filled_with_no_change(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.0")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.0")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let last = Price::from("1.0005");
        position.apply(&fill2.into());

        assert_eq!(
            position.quantity,
            Quantity::zero(audusd_sim.price_precision())
        );
        assert_eq!(position.closing_order_side(), OrderSide::NoOrderSide);
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Flat);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, 0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.0);
        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 2);
        // assert_eq!(position.trade_ids, vec![fill1.trade_id, fill2.trade_id]);  // TODO
        assert_eq!(position.ts_closed, Some(UnixNanos::default()));
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_close, Some(1.0));
        assert!(!position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_short());
        assert!(!position.is_open());
        assert!(position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("4.0 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(position.unrealized_pnl(last), Money::from("0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-4.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last), Money::from("-4.0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(FLAT AUD/USD.SIM, id=P-19700101-000000-001-001-1)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_long_with_multiple_filled_orders(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();
        let order3 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(200_000))
            .build();
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("1.0")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let fill3 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order3,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("3")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("1.0001")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());
        let last = Price::from("1.0005");
        position.apply(&fill2.into());
        position.apply(&fill3.into());

        assert_eq!(
            position.quantity,
            Quantity::zero(audusd_sim.price_precision())
        );
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Flat);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, 0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.000_005);
        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 3);
        // assert_eq!(
        //     position.trade_ids,
        //     vec![fill1.trade_id, fill2.trade_id, fill3.trade_id]
        // );
        assert_eq!(position.ts_closed, Some(UnixNanos::default()));
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_close, Some(1.0001));
        assert!(position.is_closed());
        assert!(!position.is_open());
        assert!(!position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_short());
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("6.0 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("13.0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(position.unrealized_pnl(last), Money::from("0 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last), Money::from("13 USD"));
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(FLAT AUD/USD.SIM, id=P-123456)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_pnl_calculation_from_trading_technologies_example(currency_pair_ethusdt: CurrencyPair) {
        let ethusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_ethusdt);
        let quantity1 = Quantity::from(12);
        let price1 = Price::from("100.0");
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(ethusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(quantity1)
            .build();
        let commission1 = calculate_commission(&ethusdt, order1.quantity(), price1, None);
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &ethusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(price1),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission1),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&ethusdt, fill1.into());
        let quantity2 = Quantity::from(17);
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(ethusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(quantity2)
            .build();
        let price2 = Price::from("99.0");
        let commission2 = calculate_commission(&ethusdt, order2.quantity(), price2, None);
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &ethusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(price2),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission2),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill2.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(29));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-0.28830000 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 99.413_793_103_448_27);
        let quantity3 = Quantity::from(9);
        let order3 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(ethusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(quantity3)
            .build();
        let price3 = Price::from("101.0");
        let commission3 = calculate_commission(&ethusdt, order3.quantity(), price3, None);
        let fill3 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order3,
            &ethusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("3")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(price3),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission3),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill3.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(20));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("13.89666207 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 99.413_793_103_448_27);
        let quantity4 = Quantity::from("4");
        let price4 = Price::from("105.0");
        let order4 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(ethusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(quantity4)
            .build();
        let commission4 = calculate_commission(&ethusdt, order4.quantity(), price4, None);
        let fill4 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order4,
            &ethusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("4")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(price4),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission4),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill4.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from("16"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("36.19948966 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 99.413_793_103_448_27);
        let quantity5 = Quantity::from("3");
        let price5 = Price::from("103.0");
        let order5 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(ethusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(quantity5)
            .build();
        let commission5 = calculate_commission(&ethusdt, order5.quantity(), price5, None);
        let fill5 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order5,
            &ethusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("5")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(price5),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission5),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill5.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from("19"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("36.16858966 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 99.980_036_297_640_65);
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(LONG 19.00000 ETHUSDT.BINANCE, id=P-123456)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_closed_and_reopened(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let quantity1 = Quantity::from(150_000);
        let price1 = Price::from("1.00001");
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(quantity1)
            .build();
        let commission1 = calculate_commission(&audusd_sim, quantity1, price1, None);
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("5")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission1),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(1_000_000_000)),
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());

        let fill2 = OrderFilled::new(
            order.trader_id(),
            order.strategy_id(),
            order.instrument_id(),
            order.client_order_id(),
            VenueOrderId::from("2"),
            order.account_id().unwrap_or(AccountId::new("SIM-001")),
            TradeId::from("2"),
            OrderSide::Sell,
            OrderType::Market,
            order.quantity(),
            Price::from("1.00011"),
            audusd_sim.quote_currency(),
            LiquiditySide::Taker,
            uuid4(),
            UnixNanos::from(2_000_000_000),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            false,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Money::from("0 USD")),
        );

        position.apply(&fill2);

        let fill3 = OrderFilled::new(
            order.trader_id(),
            order.strategy_id(),
            order.instrument_id(),
            order.client_order_id(),
            VenueOrderId::from("2"),
            order.account_id().unwrap_or(AccountId::new("SIM-001")),
            TradeId::from("3"),
            OrderSide::Buy,
            OrderType::Market,
            order.quantity(),
            Price::from("1.00012"),
            audusd_sim.quote_currency(),
            LiquiditySide::Taker,
            uuid4(),
            UnixNanos::from(3_000_000_000),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            false,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Money::from("0 USD")),
        );

        position.apply(&fill3);

        let last = Price::from("1.0003");
        assert!(position.is_opposite_side(fill2.order_side));
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(150_000));
        assert_eq!(position.peak_qty, Quantity::from(150_000));
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Long);
        assert_eq!(position.opening_order_id, fill3.client_order_id);
        assert_eq!(position.closing_order_id, None);
        assert_eq!(position.closing_order_id, None);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, 3_000_000_000);
        assert_eq!(position.duration_ns, 0);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 1.00012);
        assert_eq!(position.event_count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(position.ts_closed, None);
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_close, None);
        assert!(position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_short());
        assert!(position.is_open());
        assert!(!position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.realized_return, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("0 USD")));
        assert_eq!(position.unrealized_pnl(last), Money::from("27 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.total_pnl(last), Money::from("27 USD"));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("0 USD")]);
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(LONG 150_000 AUD/USD.SIM, id=P-123456)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_realized_pnl_with_interleaved_order_sides(
        currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair,
    ) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(12))
            .build();
        let commission1 =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order1.quantity(), Price::from("10000.0"), None);
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::from("1")),
            Some(PositionId::from("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("10000.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission1),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill1.into());
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(17))
            .build();
        let commission2 =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order2.quantity(), Price::from("9999.0"), None);
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::from("2")),
            Some(PositionId::from("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("9999.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission2),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill2.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(29));
        assert_eq!(
            position.realized_pnl,
            Some(Money::from("-289.98300000 USDT"))
        );
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 9_999.413_793_103_447);
        let order3 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(9))
            .build();
        let commission3 =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order3.quantity(), Price::from("10001.0"), None);
        let fill3 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order3,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::from("3")),
            Some(PositionId::from("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("10001.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission3),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill3.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(20));
        assert_eq!(
            position.realized_pnl,
            Some(Money::from("-365.71613793 USDT"))
        );
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 9_999.413_793_103_447);
        let order4 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(3))
            .build();
        let commission4 =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order4.quantity(), Price::from("10003.0"), None);
        let fill4 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order4,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::from("4")),
            Some(PositionId::from("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("10003.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission4),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill4.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(23));
        assert_eq!(
            position.realized_pnl,
            Some(Money::from("-395.72513793 USDT"))
        );
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 9_999.881_559_220_39);
        let order5 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(4))
            .build();
        let commission5 =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order5.quantity(), Price::from("10005.0"), None);
        let fill5 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order5,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::from("5")),
            Some(PositionId::from("P-19700101-000000-001-001-1")),
            Some(Price::from("10005.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission5),
            None,
            None,
        );
        position.apply(&fill5.into());
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(19));
        assert_eq!(
            position.realized_pnl,
            Some(Money::from("-415.27137481 USDT"))
        );
        assert_eq!(position.avg_px_open, 9_999.881_559_220_39);
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{position}"),
            "Position(LONG 19.000000 BTCUSDT.BINANCE, id=P-19700101-000000-001-001-1)"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_pnl_when_given_position_side_flat_returns_zero(
        currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair,
    ) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(12))
            .build();
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &btcusdt,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.0")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill.into());
        let result = position.calculate_pnl(10500.0, 10500.0, Quantity::from("100000.0"));
        assert_eq!(result, Money::from("0 USDT"));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_pnl_for_long_position_win(currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(12))
            .build();
        let commission =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order.quantity(), Price::from("10500.0"), None);
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &btcusdt,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.calculate_pnl(10500.0, 10510.0, Quantity::from("12.0"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("120 USDT"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-126 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("10510.0")),
            Money::from("120.0 USDT")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.total_pnl(Price::from("10510.0")),
            Money::from("-6 USDT")
        );
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("126.0 USDT")]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_pnl_for_long_position_loss(currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(12))
            .build();
        let commission =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order.quantity(), Price::from("10500.0"), None);
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &btcusdt,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.calculate_pnl(10500.0, 10480.5, Quantity::from("10.0"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("-195 USDT"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-126 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("10480.50")),
            Money::from("-234.0 USDT")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.total_pnl(Price::from("10480.50")),
            Money::from("-360 USDT")
        );
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("126.0 USDT")]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_pnl_for_short_position_winning(currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("10.15"))
            .build();
        let commission =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order.quantity(), Price::from("10500.0"), None);
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &btcusdt,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.calculate_pnl(10500.0, 10390.0, Quantity::from("10.15"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("1116.5 USDT"));
        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("10390.0")),
            Money::from("1116.5 USDT")
        );
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-106.575 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("106.575 USDT")]);
        assert_eq!(
            position.notional_value(Price::from("10390.0")),
            Money::from("105458.5 USDT")
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_pnl_for_short_position_loss(currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("10.0"))
            .build();
        let commission =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order.quantity(), Price::from("10500.0"), None);
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &btcusdt,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.calculate_pnl(10500.0, 10670.5, Quantity::from("10.0"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("-1705 USDT"));
        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("10670.5")),
            Money::from("-1705 USDT")
        );
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-105 USDT")));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("105 USDT")]);
        assert_eq!(
            position.notional_value(Price::from("10670.5")),
            Money::from("106705 USDT")
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_pnl_for_inverse1(xbtusd_bitmex: CryptoPerpetual) {
        let xbtusd_bitmex = InstrumentAny::CryptoPerpetual(xbtusd_bitmex);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(xbtusd_bitmex.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("100000"))
            .build();
        let commission = calculate_commission(
            &xbtusd_bitmex,
            order.quantity(),
            Price::from("10000.0"),
            None,
        );
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &xbtusd_bitmex,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10000.0")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&xbtusd_bitmex, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.calculate_pnl(10000.0, 11000.0, Quantity::from("100000.0"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("-0.90909091 BTC"));
        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("11000.0")),
            Money::from("-0.90909091 BTC")
        );
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-0.00750000 BTC")));
        assert_eq!(
            position.notional_value(Price::from("11000.0")),
            Money::from("9.09090909 BTC")
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_pnl_for_inverse2(ethusdt_bitmex: CryptoPerpetual) {
        let ethusdt_bitmex = InstrumentAny::CryptoPerpetual(ethusdt_bitmex);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(ethusdt_bitmex.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("100000"))
            .build();
        let commission = calculate_commission(
            &ethusdt_bitmex,
            order.quantity(),
            Price::from("375.95"),
            None,
        );
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &ethusdt_bitmex,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("375.95")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&ethusdt_bitmex, fill.into());

        assert_eq!(
            position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("370.00")),
            Money::from("4.27745208 ETH")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.notional_value(Price::from("370.00")),
            Money::from("270.27027027 ETH")
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_unrealized_pnl_for_long(currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("2.000000"))
            .build();
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("2.000000"))
            .build();
        let commission1 =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order1.quantity(), Price::from("10500.0"), None);
        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.00")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission1),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let commission2 =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order2.quantity(), Price::from("10500.0"), None);
        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.00")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission2),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let mut position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill1.into());
        position.apply(&fill2.into());
        let pnl = position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("11505.60"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("4022.40000000 USDT"));
        assert_eq!(
            position.realized_pnl,
            Some(Money::from("-42.00000000 USDT"))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.commissions(),
            vec![Money::from("42.00000000 USDT")]
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_unrealized_pnl_for_short(currency_pair_btcusdt: CurrencyPair) {
        let btcusdt = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(currency_pair_btcusdt);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(btcusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("5.912000"))
            .build();
        let commission =
            calculate_commission(&btcusdt, order.quantity(), Price::from("10505.60"), None);
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &btcusdt,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10505.60")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&btcusdt, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("10407.15"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("582.03640000 USDT"));
        assert_eq!(
            position.realized_pnl,
            Some(Money::from("-62.10910720 USDT"))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.commissions(),
            vec![Money::from("62.10910720 USDT")]
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_unrealized_pnl_for_long_inverse(xbtusd_bitmex: CryptoPerpetual) {
        let xbtusd_bitmex = InstrumentAny::CryptoPerpetual(xbtusd_bitmex);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(xbtusd_bitmex.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("100000"))
            .build();
        let commission = calculate_commission(
            &xbtusd_bitmex,
            order.quantity(),
            Price::from("10500.0"),
            None,
        );
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &xbtusd_bitmex,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("10500.00")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );

        let position = Position::new(&xbtusd_bitmex, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("11505.60"));
        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("0.83238969 BTC"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-0.00714286 BTC")));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("0.00714286 BTC")]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_calculate_unrealized_pnl_for_short_inverse(xbtusd_bitmex: CryptoPerpetual) {
        let xbtusd_bitmex = InstrumentAny::CryptoPerpetual(xbtusd_bitmex);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(xbtusd_bitmex.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("1250000"))
            .build();
        let commission = calculate_commission(
            &xbtusd_bitmex,
            order.quantity(),
            Price::from("15500.00"),
            None,
        );
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &xbtusd_bitmex,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(PositionId::new("P-123456")),
            Some(Price::from("15500.00")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&xbtusd_bitmex, fill.into());
        let pnl = position.unrealized_pnl(Price::from("12506.65"));

        assert_eq!(pnl, Money::from("19.30166700 BTC"));
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("-0.06048387 BTC")));
        assert_eq!(position.commissions(), vec![Money::from("0.06048387 BTC")]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case(OrderSide::Buy, 25, 25.0)]
    #[case(OrderSide::Sell,25,-25.0)]
    fn test_signed_qty_decimal_qty_for_equity(
        #[case] order_side: OrderSide,
        #[case] quantity: i64,
        #[case] expected: f64,
        audusd_sim: CurrencyPair,
    ) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(order_side)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(quantity))
            .build();

        let commission =
            calculate_commission(&audusd_sim, order.quantity(), Price::from("1.0"), None);
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::from("P-123456")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            Some(commission),
            None,
            None,
        );
        let position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());
        assert_eq!(position.signed_qty, expected);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_with_commission_none(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let fill = OrderFilled {
            position_id: Some(PositionId::from("1")),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("0 USD")));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_with_commission_zero(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let fill = OrderFilled {
            position_id: Some(PositionId::from("1")),
            commission: Some(Money::from("0 USD")),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill);
        assert_eq!(position.realized_pnl, Some(Money::from("0 USD")));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_cache_purge_order_events() {
        let audusd_sim = audusd_sim();
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);

        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .client_order_id(ClientOrderId::new("O-1"))
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(50_000))
            .build();

        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .client_order_id(ClientOrderId::new("O-2"))
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(50_000))
            .build();

        let position_id = PositionId::new("P-123456");

        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(position_id),
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );

        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());

        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            Some(position_id),
            Some(Price::from("1.00002")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );

        position.apply(&fill2.into());
        position.purge_events_for_order(order1.client_order_id());

        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(position.trade_ids.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(position.events[0].client_order_id, order2.client_order_id());
        assert_eq!(position.trade_ids[0], TradeId::new("2"));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_purge_all_events_returns_none_for_last_event_and_trade_id() {
        let audusd_sim = audusd_sim();
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);

        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .client_order_id(ClientOrderId::new("O-1"))
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();

        let position_id = PositionId::new("P-123456");
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            Some(position_id),
            Some(Price::from("1.00050")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            Some(UnixNanos::from(1_000_000_000)), // Explicit non-zero timestamp
            None,
        );

        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());

        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 1);
        assert!(position.last_event().is_some());
        assert!(position.last_trade_id().is_some());

        // Store original timestamps (should be non-zero)
        let original_ts_opened = position.ts_opened;
        let original_ts_last = position.ts_last;
        assert_ne!(original_ts_opened, UnixNanos::default());
        assert_ne!(original_ts_last, UnixNanos::default());

        position.purge_events_for_order(order.client_order_id());

        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(position.trade_ids.len(), 0);
        assert!(position.last_event().is_none());
        assert!(position.last_trade_id().is_none());

        // Verify timestamps are zeroed - empty shell has no meaningful history
        // ts_closed is set to Some(0) so position reports as closed and is eligible for purge
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, UnixNanos::default());
        assert_eq!(position.ts_last, UnixNanos::default());
        assert_eq!(position.ts_closed, Some(UnixNanos::default()));
        assert_eq!(position.duration_ns, 0);

        // CRITICAL: Verify empty shell reports as closed (this was the bug we fixed!)
        // is_closed() must return true so cache purge logic recognizes empty shells
        assert!(position.is_closed());
        assert!(!position.is_open());
        assert_eq!(position.side, PositionSide::Flat);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_revive_from_empty_shell(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        // Test adding a fill to an empty shell position
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);

        // Create and then purge position to get empty shell
        let order1 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();

        let fill1 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order1,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::new("P-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00000")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            Some(UnixNanos::from(1_000_000_000)),
            None,
        );

        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill1.into());
        position.purge_events_for_order(order1.client_order_id());

        // Verify it's an empty shell
        assert!(position.is_closed());
        assert_eq!(position.ts_closed, Some(UnixNanos::default()));
        assert_eq!(position.event_count(), 0);

        // Act: Add new fill to revive the position
        let order2 = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(50_000))
            .build();

        let fill2 = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order2,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::new("P-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00020")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            Some(UnixNanos::from(3_000_000_000)),
            None,
        );

        let fill2_typed: OrderFilled = fill2.clone().into();
        position.apply(&fill2_typed);

        // Assert: Position should be alive with new timestamps
        assert!(position.is_long());
        assert!(!position.is_closed());
        assert!(position.ts_closed.is_none());
        assert_eq!(position.ts_opened, fill2.ts_event());
        assert_eq!(position.ts_last, fill2.ts_event());
        assert_eq!(position.event_count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(50_000));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_empty_shell_position_invariants(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        // Property-based test: Any position with event_count == 0 must satisfy invariants
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);

        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();

        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            Some(PositionId::new("P-1")),
            Some(Price::from("1.00000")),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            Some(UnixNanos::from(1_000_000_000)),
            None,
        );

        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());
        position.purge_events_for_order(order.client_order_id());

        // INVARIANTS: When event_count == 0, the following MUST be true
        assert_eq!(
            position.event_count(),
            0,
            "Precondition: event_count must be 0"
        );

        // Invariant 1: Position must report as closed
        assert!(
            position.is_closed(),
            "INV1: Empty shell must report is_closed() == true"
        );
        assert!(
            !position.is_open(),
            "INV1: Empty shell must report is_open() == false"
        );

        // Invariant 2: Position must be FLAT
        assert_eq!(
            position.side,
            PositionSide::Flat,
            "INV2: Empty shell must be FLAT"
        );

        // Invariant 3: ts_closed must be Some (not None)
        assert!(
            position.ts_closed.is_some(),
            "INV3: Empty shell must have ts_closed.is_some()"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.ts_closed,
            Some(UnixNanos::default()),
            "INV3: Empty shell ts_closed must be 0"
        );

        // Invariant 4: All lifecycle timestamps must be zeroed
        assert_eq!(
            position.ts_opened,
            UnixNanos::default(),
            "INV4: Empty shell ts_opened must be 0"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.ts_last,
            UnixNanos::default(),
            "INV4: Empty shell ts_last must be 0"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            position.duration_ns, 0,
            "INV4: Empty shell duration_ns must be 0"
        );

        // Invariant 5: Quantity must be zero
        assert_eq!(
            position.quantity,
            Quantity::zero(audusd_sim.size_precision()),
            "INV5: Empty shell quantity must be 0"
        );

        // Invariant 6: No events or trade IDs
        assert!(
            position.events.is_empty(),
            "INV6: Empty shell must have no events"
        );
        assert!(
            position.trade_ids.is_empty(),
            "INV6: Empty shell must have no trade IDs"
        );
        assert!(
            position.last_event().is_none(),
            "INV6: Empty shell must have no last event"
        );
        assert!(
            position.last_trade_id().is_none(),
            "INV6: Empty shell must have no last trade ID"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_pnl_precision_with_very_small_amounts(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        // Tests behavior with very small commission amounts
        // NOTE: Amounts below f64 epsilon (~1e-15) may be lost to precision
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100))
            .build();

        // Test with a commission that won't be lost to Money precision (0.01 USD)
        let small_commission = Money::new(0.01, Currency::USD());
        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00001")),
            Some(Quantity::from(100)),
            None,
            Some(small_commission),
            None,
            None,
        );

        let position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill.into());

        // Commission is recorded and preserved in f64 arithmetic
        assert_eq!(position.commissions().len(), 1);
        let recorded_commission = position.commissions()[0];
        assert!(
            recorded_commission.as_f64() > 0.0,
            "Commission of 0.01 should be preserved"
        );

        // Realized PnL should include commission (negative)
        let realized = position.realized_pnl.unwrap().as_f64();
        assert!(
            realized < 0.0,
            "Realized PnL should be negative due to commission"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_pnl_precision_with_high_precision_instrument() {
        // Tests precision with high-precision crypto instrument
        use crate::instruments::stubs::crypto_perpetual_ethusdt;
        let ethusdt = crypto_perpetual_ethusdt();
        let ethusdt = InstrumentAny::CryptoPerpetual(ethusdt);

        // Check instrument precision
        let size_precision = ethusdt.size_precision();

        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(ethusdt.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from("1.123456789"))
            .build();

        let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &ethusdt,
            None,
            None,
            Some(Price::from("2345.123456789")),
            Some(Quantity::from("1.123456789")),
            None,
            Some(Money::from("0.1 USDT")),
            None,
            None,
        );

        let position = Position::new(&ethusdt, fill.into());

        // Verify high-precision price is preserved in f64 (within tolerance)
        let avg_px = position.avg_px_open;
        assert!(
            (avg_px - 2345.123456789).abs() < 1e-6,
            "High precision price should be preserved within f64 tolerance"
        );

        // Quantity will be rounded to instrument's size_precision
        // Verify it matches the instrument's precision
        assert_eq!(
            position.quantity.precision, size_precision,
            "Quantity precision should match instrument"
        );

        // f64 representation will be close but may have rounding based on precision
        let qty_f64 = position.quantity.as_f64();
        assert!(
            qty_f64 > 1.0 && qty_f64 < 2.0,
            "Quantity should be in expected range"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_pnl_accumulation_across_many_fills(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        // Tests precision drift across 100 fills
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(1000))
            .build();

        let initial_fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.00000")),
            Some(Quantity::from(10)),
            None,
            Some(Money::from("0.01 USD")),
            None,
            None,
        );

        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, initial_fill.into());

        // Apply 99 more fills with varying prices
        for i in 2..=100 {
            let price_offset = (i as f64) * 0.00001;
            let fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
                &order,
                &audusd_sim,
                Some(TradeId::new(i.to_string())),
                None,
                Some(Price::from(&format!("{:.5}", 1.0 + price_offset))),
                Some(Quantity::from(10)),
                None,
                Some(Money::from("0.01 USD")),
                None,
                None,
            );
            position.apply(&fill.into());
        }

        // Verify we accumulated 100 fills
        assert_eq!(position.events.len(), 100);
        assert_eq!(position.quantity, Quantity::from(1000));

        // Verify commissions accumulated (should be 100 * 0.01 = 1.0 USD)
        let total_commission: f64 = position.commissions().iter().map(|c| c.as_f64()).sum();
        assert!(
            (total_commission - 1.0).abs() < 1e-10,
            "Commission accumulation should be accurate: expected 1.0, got {}",
            total_commission
        );

        // Verify average price is reasonable (should be around 1.0005)
        let avg_px = position.avg_px_open;
        assert!(
            avg_px > 1.0 && avg_px < 1.001,
            "Average price should be reasonable: got {}",
            avg_px
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_pnl_with_extreme_price_values(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        // Tests position handling with very large and very small prices
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);

        // Test with very small price
        let order_small = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();

        let fill_small = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order_small,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            None,
            Some(Price::from("0.00001")),
            Some(Quantity::from(100_000)),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );

        let position_small = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill_small.into());
        assert_eq!(position_small.avg_px_open, 0.00001);

        // Verify notional calculation doesn't underflow
        let last_price_small = Price::from("0.00002");
        let unrealized = position_small.unrealized_pnl(last_price_small);
        assert!(
            unrealized.as_f64() > 0.0,
            "Unrealized PnL should be positive when price doubles"
        );

        // Test with very large price
        let order_large = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100))
            .build();

        let fill_large = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &order_large,
            &audusd_sim,
            None,
            None,
            Some(Price::from("99999.99999")),
            Some(Quantity::from(100)),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        );

        let position_large = Position::new(&audusd_sim, fill_large.into());
        assert!(
            (position_large.avg_px_open - 99999.99999).abs() < 1e-6,
            "Large price should be preserved within f64 tolerance"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_position_pnl_roundtrip_precision(audusd_sim: CurrencyPair) {
        // Tests that opening and closing a position preserves precision
        let audusd_sim = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(audusd_sim);
        let buy_order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();

        let sell_order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .instrument_id(audusd_sim.id())
            .side(OrderSide::Sell)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();

        // Open at precise price
        let open_fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &buy_order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("1")),
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.123456")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(Money::from("0.50 USD")),
            None,
            None,
        );

        let mut position = Position::new(&audusd_sim, open_fill.into());

        // Close at same price (no profit/loss except commission)
        let close_fill = TestOrderEventStubs::filled(
            &sell_order,
            &audusd_sim,
            Some(TradeId::new("2")),
            None,
            Some(Price::from("1.123456")),
            None,
            None,
            Some(Money::from("0.50 USD")),
            None,
            None,
        );

        position.apply(&close_fill.into());

        // Position should be flat
        assert!(position.is_closed());

        // Realized PnL should be exactly -1.0 USD (two commissions of 0.50)
        let realized = position.realized_pnl.unwrap().as_f64();
        assert!(
            (realized - (-1.0)).abs() < 1e-10,
            "Realized PnL should be exactly -1.0 USD (commissions), got {}",
            realized
        );
    }
}