Backtest (low-level API)

Tutorial for NautilusTrader a high-performance algorithmic trading platform and event driven backtester.

View source on GitHub.

Overview

This tutorial walks through how to use a BacktestEngine to backtest a simple EMA cross strategy with a TWAP execution algorithm on a simulated Binance Spot exchange using historical trade tick data.

The following points will be covered:

• How to load raw data (external to Nautilus) using data loaders and wranglers
• How to add this data to a BacktestEngine
• How to add venues, strategies and execution algorithms to a BacktestEngine
• How to run backtests with a BacktestEngine
• Post-run analysis and options for repeated runs

Prerequisites

• Python 3.11+ installed
• JupyterLab or similar installed (pip install -U jupyterlab)
• NautilusTrader latest release installed (pip install -U nautilus_trader)

Imports

We'll start with all of our imports for the remainder of this tutorial.

from decimal import Decimal

from nautilus_trader.backtest.engine import BacktestEngine
from nautilus_trader.backtest.engine import BacktestEngineConfig
from nautilus_trader.examples.algorithms.twap import TWAPExecAlgorithm
from nautilus_trader.examples.strategies.ema_cross_twap import EMACrossTWAP
from nautilus_trader.examples.strategies.ema_cross_twap import EMACrossTWAPConfig
from nautilus_trader.model import BarType
from nautilus_trader.model import Money
from nautilus_trader.model import TraderId
from nautilus_trader.model import Venue
from nautilus_trader.model.currencies import ETH
from nautilus_trader.model.currencies import USDT
from nautilus_trader.model.enums import AccountType
from nautilus_trader.model.enums import OmsType
from nautilus_trader.persistence.wranglers import TradeTickDataWrangler
from nautilus_trader.test_kit.providers import TestDataProvider
from nautilus_trader.test_kit.providers import TestInstrumentProvider

Loading data

For this tutorial we'll use some stub test data which exists in the NautilusTrader repository (this data is also used by the automated test suite to test the correctness of the platform).

Firstly, instantiate a data provider which we can use to read raw CSV trade tick data into memory as a pd.DataFrame. We then need to initialize the instrument which matches the data, in this case the ETHUSDT spot cryptocurrency pair for Binance. We'll use this instrument for the remainder of this backtest run.

Next, we need to wrangle this data into a list of Nautilus TradeTick objects, which can we later add to the BacktestEngine.

# Load stub test data
provider = TestDataProvider()
trades_df = provider.read_csv_ticks("binance/ethusdt-trades.csv")

# Initialize the instrument which matches the data
ETHUSDT_BINANCE = TestInstrumentProvider.ethusdt_binance()

# Process into Nautilus objects
wrangler = TradeTickDataWrangler(instrument=ETHUSDT_BINANCE)
ticks = wrangler.process(trades_df)

See the Loading External Data guide for a more detailed explanation of the typical data processing components and pipeline.

Initialize a backtest engine

Now we'll need a backtest engine, minimally you could just call BacktestEngine() which will instantiate an engine with a default configuration.

Here we also show initializing a BacktestEngineConfig (will only a custom trader_id specified) to show the general configuration pattern.

See the Configuration API reference for details of all configuration options available.

# Configure backtest engine
config = BacktestEngineConfig(trader_id=TraderId("BACKTESTER-001"))

# Build the backtest engine
engine = BacktestEngine(config=config)

Add venues

We'll need a venue to trade on, which should match the market data being added to the engine.

In this case we'll set up a simulated Binance Spot exchange.

# Add a trading venue (multiple venues possible)
BINANCE = Venue("BINANCE")
engine.add_venue(
    venue=BINANCE,
    oms_type=OmsType.NETTING,
    account_type=AccountType.CASH,  # Spot CASH account (not for perpetuals or futures)
    base_currency=None,  # Multi-currency account
    starting_balances=[Money(1_000_000.0, USDT), Money(10.0, ETH)],
)

Add data

Now we can add data to the backtest engine. First add the Instrument object we previously initialized, which matches our data.

Then we can add the trades we wrangled earlier.

# Add instrument(s)
engine.add_instrument(ETHUSDT_BINANCE)

# Add data
engine.add_data(ticks)

note

The amount of and variety of data types is only limited by machine resources and your imagination (custom types are possible). Also, multiple venues can be used for backtesting, again only limited by machine resources.

Add strategies

Now we can add the trading strategies we’d like to run as part of our system.

note

Multiple strategies and instruments can be used for backtesting, only limited by machine resources.

Firstly, initialize a strategy configuration, then use this to initialize a strategy which we can add to the engine:

# Configure your strategy
strategy_config = EMACrossTWAPConfig(
    instrument_id=ETHUSDT_BINANCE.id,
    bar_type=BarType.from_str("ETHUSDT.BINANCE-250-TICK-LAST-INTERNAL"),
    trade_size=Decimal("0.10"),
    fast_ema_period=10,
    slow_ema_period=20,
    twap_horizon_secs=10.0,
    twap_interval_secs=2.5,
)

# Instantiate and add your strategy
strategy = EMACrossTWAP(config=strategy_config)
engine.add_strategy(strategy=strategy)

You may notice that this strategy config includes parameters related to a TWAP execution algorithm. This is because we can flexibly use different parameters per order submit, we still need to initialize and add the actual ExecAlgorithm component which will execute the algorithm - which we'll do now.

Add execution algorithms

NautilusTrader enables us to build up very complex systems of custom components. Here we show just one of the custom components available, in this case a built-in TWAP execution algorithm. It is configured and added to the engine in generally the same pattern as for strategies:

note

Multiple execution algorithms can be used for backtesting, only limited by machine resources.

# Instantiate and add your execution algorithm
exec_algorithm = TWAPExecAlgorithm()  # Using defaults
engine.add_exec_algorithm(exec_algorithm)

Run backtest

Now that we have our data, venues and trading system configured - we can run a backtest Simply call the .run(...) method which will run a backtest over all available data by default.

See the BacktestEngineConfig API reference for a complete description of all available methods and options.

# Run the engine (from start to end of data)
engine.run()

Post-run and analysis

Once the backtest is completed, a post-run tearsheet will be automatically logged using some default statistics (or custom statistics which can be loaded, see the advanced Portfolio statistics guide).

Also, many resultant data and execution objects will be held in memory, which we can use to further analyze the performance by generating various reports.

engine.trader.generate_account_report(BINANCE)

engine.trader.generate_order_fills_report()

engine.trader.generate_positions_report()

Repeated runs

We can also choose to reset the engine for repeated runs with different strategy and component configurations. Calling the .reset(...) method will retain all loaded data and components, but reset all other stateful values as if we had a fresh BacktestEngine (this avoids having to load the same data again).

# For repeated backtest runs make sure to reset the engine
engine.reset()

Individual components (actors, strategies, execution algorithms) need to be removed and added as required.

See the Trader API reference for a description of all methods available to achieve this.

# Once done, good practice to dispose of the object if the script continues
engine.dispose()