Polymarket
Founded in 2020, Polymarket is the world’s largest decentralized prediction market platform, enabling traders to speculate on the outcomes of world events by buying and selling binary option contracts using cryptocurrency.
NautilusTrader provides a venue integration for data and execution via Polymarket's Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) API.
Today the repository exposes two Polymarket implementations:
- The Python adapter in
nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket, which uses the official Python CLOB V2 client library. - The Rust-native adapter surface in
nautilus_trader.polymarket, which NautilusTrader is consolidating toward.
The two implementations overlap heavily, but they do not yet behave identically in every area. This guide calls out the current differences where they matter.
NautilusTrader supports multiple Polymarket signature types for order signing, which gives flexibility for different wallet configurations while NautilusTrader handles signing and order preparation.
Installation
To install NautilusTrader with Polymarket support:
uv pip install "nautilus_trader[polymarket]"To build from source with all extras (including Polymarket):
uv sync --all-extrasExamples
You can find live example scripts here.
Binary options
A binary option is a type of financial exotic option contract in which traders bet on the outcome of a yes-or-no proposition. If the prediction is correct, the trader receives a fixed payout; otherwise, they receive nothing.
Polymarket uses pUSD as the collateral token for trading, see below for more information.
Polymarket documentation
Polymarket offers resources for different audiences:
- Polymarket Learn: Educational content and guides for users to understand the platform and how to engage with it.
- Polymarket CLOB API: Technical documentation for developers interacting with the Polymarket CLOB API.
Overview
This guide assumes a trader is setting up for both live market data feeds and trade execution. The Polymarket integration adapter includes multiple components, which can be used together or separately depending on the use case.
PolymarketWebSocketClient: Low-level WebSocket API connectivity (built on top of the NautilusWebSocketClientwritten in Rust).PolymarketInstrumentProvider: Instrument parsing and loading functionality forBinaryOptioninstruments.PolymarketDataClient: A market data feed manager.PolymarketExecutionClient: A trade execution gateway.PolymarketLiveDataClientFactory: Factory for Polymarket data clients (used by the trading node builder).PolymarketLiveExecClientFactory: Factory for Polymarket execution clients (used by the trading node builder).
Most users will define a configuration for a live trading node (as below), and won't need to work with these lower-level components directly.
Python and Rust implementations
The current docs cover both the Python adapter and the Rust-native adapter surface. The table below shows the main differences that affect behavior today.
| Area | Python adapter | Rust adapter | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Public package path | nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket | nautilus_trader.polymarket | Rust is the consolidation target. |
| Order signing | Uses py-clob-client-v2 | Native Rust signing | Python signing is slower. |
| Post‑only orders | Supported for GTC and GTD only | Supported for GTC and GTD only | Both reject post‑only with IOC or FOK. |
| Batch submit | Uses POST /orders for batchable SubmitOrderList requests | Uses POST /orders for batchable SubmitOrderList requests | Both batch only independent limit orders, capped at 15 per request. |
| Batch cancel | Uses DELETE /orders | Uses DELETE /orders | Both align with official Polymarket docs. |
| Market unsubscribe | Sends dynamic WebSocket unsubscribe messages | Sends dynamic WebSocket unsubscribe messages | Both support subscribe and unsubscribe. |
| Data client config | Credentials, subscription buffering, quote handling, provider config | Base URLs, timeouts, filters, new‑market discovery | Config surfaces differ materially. |
| Exec client config | Credentials, retries, raw WS logging, experimental trade‑based order recovery | Credentials, retries, account IDs, native timeouts | Rust does not expose every Python‑only option. |
pUSD
pUSD is the collateral token used for trading on Polymarket. It is a standard ERC-20 token on Polygon, backed by USDC.
The proxy contract address is 0xC011a7E12a19f7B1f670d46F03B03f3342E82DFB on Polygon. API-only users can wrap USDC into pUSD through the CollateralOnramp.
Wallets and accounts
To interact with Polymarket via NautilusTrader, you'll need a Polygon-compatible wallet (such as MetaMask).
Signature types
Polymarket supports multiple signature types for order signing and verification:
| Signature Type | Wallet Type | Description | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
0 | EOA (Externally Owned Account) | Standard EIP712 signatures from wallets with direct private key control. | Default. Direct wallet connections (MetaMask, hardware wallets, etc.). |
1 | Email/Magic Wallet Proxy | Smart contract wallet for email‑based accounts (Magic Link). Only the email‑associated address can execute functions. | Polymarket Proxy associated with Email/Magic accounts. Requires funder address. |
2 | Browser Wallet Proxy | Modified Gnosis Safe (1-of-1 multisig) for browser wallets. | Polymarket Proxy associated with browser wallets. Enables UI verification. Requires funder address. |
See also: Proxy wallet in the Polymarket documentation for more details about signature types and proxy wallet infrastructure.
NautilusTrader defaults to signature type 0 (EOA) but can be configured to use any of the supported signature types via the signature_type configuration parameter.
A single wallet address is supported per trader instance when using environment variables,
or multiple wallets could be configured with multiple PolymarketExecutionClient instances.
Ensure your wallet is funded with pUSD, otherwise you will encounter the "not enough balance or allowance" API error when submitting orders.
Setting allowances for Polymarket contracts
Before you can start trading, you need to ensure that your wallet has allowances set for Polymarket's smart contracts.
You can do this by running the provided script located at nautilus_trader/adapters/polymarket/scripts/set_allowances.py.
This script is adapted from a gist created by @poly-rodr.
You only need to run this script once per EOA wallet that you intend to use for trading on Polymarket.
This script automates the process of approving the necessary allowances for the Polymarket contracts. It sets approvals for the pUSD collateral token and Conditional Token Framework (CTF) contract to allow the Polymarket CLOB Exchange to interact with your funds.
Before running the script, ensure the following prerequisites are met:
- Install the web3 Python package:
uv pip install "web3==7.12.1". - Have a Polygon-compatible wallet funded with some POL (used for gas fees).
- Set the following environment variables in your shell:
POLYGON_PRIVATE_KEY: Your private key for the Polygon-compatible wallet.POLYGON_PUBLIC_KEY: Your public key for the Polygon-compatible wallet.
Once you have these in place, the script will:
- Approve the maximum possible amount of pUSD (using the
MAX_INTvalue) for the Polymarket collateral token contract. - Set the approval for the CTF contract, allowing it to interact with your account for trading purposes.
You can also adjust the approval amount in the script instead of using MAX_INT,
with the amount specified in fractional units of pUSD, though this has not been tested.
Ensure that your private key and public key are correctly stored in the environment variables before running the script. Here's an example of how to set the variables in your terminal session:
export POLYGON_PRIVATE_KEY="YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY"
export POLYGON_PUBLIC_KEY="YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY"Run the script using:
python nautilus_trader/adapters/polymarket/scripts/set_allowances.pyScript breakdown
The script performs the following actions:
- Connects to the Polygon network via an RPC URL (https://polygon-rpc.com/).
- Signs and sends a transaction to approve the maximum pUSD allowance for Polymarket contracts.
- Sets approval for the CTF contract to manage Conditional Tokens on your behalf.
- Repeats the approval process for specific addresses like the Polymarket CLOB Exchange and Neg Risk adapter.
This allows Polymarket to interact with your funds when executing trades and ensures smooth integration with the CLOB Exchange.
API keys
To trade with Polymarket, you'll need to generate API credentials. Follow these steps:
-
Ensure the following environment variables are set:
POLYMARKET_PK: Your private key for signing transactions.POLYMARKET_FUNDER: The wallet address (public key) on the Polygon network used for funding trades on Polymarket.
-
Run the script using:
python nautilus_trader/adapters/polymarket/scripts/create_api_key.py
The script will generate and print API credentials, which you should save to the following environment variables:
POLYMARKET_API_KEYPOLYMARKET_API_SECRETPOLYMARKET_PASSPHRASE
These can then be used for Polymarket client configurations:
PolymarketDataClientConfigPolymarketExecClientConfig
Configuration
When setting up NautilusTrader to work with Polymarket, it’s crucial to properly configure the necessary parameters, particularly the private key.
Key parameters:
private_key: The private key for your wallet used to sign orders. The interpretation depends on yoursignature_typeconfiguration. If not explicitly provided in the configuration, it will automatically source thePOLYMARKET_PKenvironment variable.funder: The pUSD funding wallet address used for funding trades. If not provided, will source thePOLYMARKET_FUNDERenvironment variable.- API credentials: You will need to provide the following API credentials to interact with the Polymarket CLOB:
api_key: If not provided, will source thePOLYMARKET_API_KEYenvironment variable.api_secret: If not provided, will source thePOLYMARKET_API_SECRETenvironment variable.passphrase: If not provided, will source thePOLYMARKET_PASSPHRASEenvironment variable.
auto_load_missing_instruments(defaultTrue): Controls whether subscribe and request commands for an instrument that is not already in the cache trigger an ad-hoc load via the Gamma API. When disabled, subscribing to an uncached instrument returns an error. See Runtime instrument loading.auto_load_debounce_ms(default100): The window (milliseconds) over which concurrent auto-load requests are coalesced into a single batched Gamma call.
We recommend using environment variables to manage your credentials.
Orders capability
Polymarket operates as a prediction market with a more limited set of order types and instructions compared to traditional exchanges.
Order types
| Order Type | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
MARKET | ✓ | BUY orders require quote quantity, SELL orders require base quantity. |
LIMIT | ✓ | |
STOP_MARKET | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
STOP_LIMIT | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
MARKET_IF_TOUCHED | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
LIMIT_IF_TOUCHED | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
TRAILING_STOP_MARKET | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
Quantity semantics
Polymarket interprets order quantities differently depending on the order type and side:
- Limit orders interpret
quantityas the number of conditional tokens (base units). - Market SELL orders also use base-unit quantities.
- Market BUY orders interpret
quantityas quote notional in pUSD.
As a result, a market buy order submitted with a base-denominated quantity will execute far more size than intended.
When submitting market BUY orders, set quote_quantity=True on the order. The adapter converts
the quote amount (pUSD) to base units (shares) using the crossing price from the order book
before submitting to the CLOB. The Polymarket execution client denies base-denominated market
buys to prevent unintended fills.
# Market BUY with quote quantity (spend $10 pUSD)
order = strategy.order_factory.market(
instrument_id=instrument_id,
order_side=OrderSide.BUY,
quantity=instrument.make_qty(10.0),
quote_quantity=True, # Interpret as pUSD notional
)
strategy.submit_order(order)Execution instructions
| Instruction | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
post_only | ✓ | Supported for limit orders with GTC or GTD only. |
reduce_only | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
Time-in-force options
| Time in force | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
GTC | ✓ | Good Till Canceled. |
GTD | ✓ | Good Till Date. |
FOK | ✓ | Fill or Kill. |
IOC | ✓ | Immediate or Cancel (maps to FAK). |
FAK (Fill and Kill) is Polymarket's terminology for Immediate or Cancel (IOC) semantics.
Advanced order features
| Feature | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Order modification | - | Cancellation functionality only. |
| Bracket/OCO orders | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
| Iceberg orders | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
Batch operations
| Operation | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Batch Submit | ✓ | Both adapters use POST /orders for independent limit‑order batches (max 15 orders per request). See Batch submit. |
| Batch Modify | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
| Batch Cancel | ✓ | Both adapters use DELETE /orders. |
Batch submit
SubmitOrderList commands are routed to Polymarket's POST /orders endpoint. The endpoint
accepts at most 15 orders per request (BATCH_ORDER_LIMIT); larger lists are split into
sequential 15‑order chunks.
- Only
LIMITorders are batched.MARKETorders inside the list are routed to the single‑order path, which synthesizes a crossing limit order. reduce_onlyorders,quote_quantityorders, andpost_onlywithIOC/FOKare rejected before submission.- A single eligible order falls through to
POST /orderso it keeps the single‑order retry semantics; the batch path deliberately disables retry because the venue does not expose an idempotency key. BatchCancelOrdersis dispatched toDELETE /ordersin one shot.
Position management
| Feature | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Query positions | ✓ | Current user positions from the Polymarket Data API. |
| Position mode | - | Binary outcome positions only. |
| Leverage control | - | No leverage available. |
| Margin mode | - | No margin trading. |
Order querying
| Feature | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Query open orders | ✓ | Active orders only. |
| Query order history | ✓ | Limited historical data. |
| Order status updates | ✓ | Real‑time order state changes. |
| Trade history | ✓ | Execution and fill reports. |
Contingent orders
| Feature | Binary Options | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Order lists | - | Independent order batches exist, but linked contingency semantics do not. |
| OCO orders | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
| Bracket orders | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
| Conditional orders | - | Not supported by Polymarket. |
Precision limits
Polymarket enforces different precision constraints based on tick size and order type.
Binary Option instruments typically support up to 6 decimal places for amounts (with 0.0001 tick size), but market orders have stricter precision requirements:
-
FOK (Fill-or-Kill) market orders:
- Sell orders: maker amount limited to 2 decimal places.
- Taker amount: limited to 4 decimal places.
- The product
size × pricemust not exceed 2 decimal places.
-
Regular GTC orders: More flexible precision based on market tick size.
Tick size precision hierarchy
| Tick Size | Price Decimals | Size Decimals | Amount Decimals |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 0.01 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 0.001 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 0.0001 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
- The tick size precision hierarchy is defined in the
py-clob-client-v2ROUNDING_CONFIG. - FOK market order precision limits (2 decimals for the size field, plus tick-derived bounds for the computed amount) come from the same
ROUNDING_CONFIGand are enforced byOrderBuilder.get_market_order_amountsbefore signing. - Tick sizes can change dynamically during market conditions, particularly when markets become one-sided.
Trades
Trades on Polymarket can have the following statuses:
MATCHED: Trade has been matched and sent to the executor service by the operator. The executor service submits the trade as a transaction to the Exchange contract.MINED: Trade is observed to be mined into the chain, and no finality threshold is established.CONFIRMED: Trade has achieved strong probabilistic finality and was successful.RETRYING: Trade transaction has failed (revert or reorg) and is being retried/resubmitted by the operator.FAILED: Trade has failed and is not being retried.
Once a trade is initially matched, subsequent trade status updates will be received via the WebSocket.
NautilusTrader records the initial trade details in the info field of the OrderFilled event,
with additional trade events stored in the cache as JSON under a custom key to retain this information.
Trade ID derivation
Polymarket does not publish a trade ID on last_trade_price market-data events.
The adapter derives a deterministic TradeId by FNV-1a hashing the asset ID,
side, price, size, and timestamp (determine_trade_id in both Rust and Python).
For CLOB Data API trade history the adapter uses the last 36 characters of the
transaction hash directly. The same venue event yields the same trade ID across
replays, keeping downstream dedup intact.
Fees
Polymarket uses the formula fee = C * feeRate * p * (1 - p) where C is shares traded and p is the share price. Fees peak at p = 0.50 and decrease symmetrically toward the extremes. Only takers pay fees; makers pay zero.
| Category | Taker feeRate |
|---|---|
| Crypto | 0.072 |
| Sports | 0.03 |
| Finance / Politics / Mentions / Tech | 0.04 |
| Economics / Culture / Weather / Other | 0.05 |
| Geopolitics | 0.00 |
Fees are rounded to 5 decimal places (0.00001 pUSD minimum). Fees are collected in shares on buy orders and pUSD on sell orders.
For the latest rates, see Polymarket's Fees documentation.
Reconciliation
The Polymarket API returns either all active (open) orders or specific orders when queried by the
Polymarket order ID (venue_order_id). The execution reconciliation procedure for Polymarket is as follows:
- Generate order reports for all instruments with active (open) orders, as reported by Polymarket.
- Generate position reports from current user positions reported by Polymarket's Data API.
- Compare these reports with Nautilus execution state.
- Generate missing orders to bring Nautilus execution state in line with positions reported by Polymarket.
Note: Polymarket does not directly provide data for orders which are no longer active.
The Python adapter exposes an experimental generate_order_history_from_trades option to fill some
of this gap from trade history. The Rust adapter does not expose the same option today.
An optional execution client configuration, generate_order_history_from_trades, is currently under development.
It is not recommended for production use at this time.
Fill quantity normalization
The adapter snaps fill quantities reported by the venue to the locally registered
order quantity when the difference is dust. Two distinct rounding mechanisms make
this necessary, so two asymmetric tolerances are applied. Both scale with the
instrument's size_precision (one ulp = 10^-size_precision).
| Direction | Constant | Default ulps | At precision 6 | Source of drift |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underfill | SNAP_UNDERFILL_ULPS | 10_000 | 0.01 | CLOB rounds fills to integer cent ticks (e.g., 23.69 from 23.696681). |
| Overfill | SNAP_OVERFILL_ULPS | 100 | 0.0001 | adjust_market_buy_amount truncates submitted_qty to USDC scale (6 dp). |
Why asymmetric
- Underfill comes from CLOB tick rounding and can be up to one cent in
share terms. Snapping up lets the order reach
Filledcleanly when the CLOB truncates the last tick of fill quantity. - Overfill is a much smaller drift: only V2 market BUYs ever produce
it in practice.
adjust_market_buy_amounttruncates the registered base quantity to USDC scale, but the on-chain fill comes back at full precision and may exceedsubmitted_qtyby a small number of ulps (4 ulps observed in production). Without the snap, the engine rejects the fill as an overfill (potential_overfill > 0) and the localfilled_qtystays at zero even though the position is on-chain.
The snap function does not gate on order type: overfill drift in any
tracked order under SNAP_OVERFILL_ULPS is absorbed. In practice no other
order class produces overfill drift (limit and resting-maker orders fill
at exact submitted base qty), so the broader behavior is a safety net.
The overfill tolerance is intentionally tighter than the underfill side
(~25× headroom over the observed drift, 100× below CLOB tick magnitude),
so a real venue overfill above SNAP_OVERFILL_ULPS still surfaces as an
engine-side error rather than being silently absorbed.
Where the snap runs
OrderFillTracker.snap_fill_qty(...)is invoked on every WS user-channel fill (both taker fills indispatch_taker_filland maker fills indispatch_maker_fills) before the fill is emitted to the engine. It also runs when fills are drained from the HTTP-roundtrip buffer insubmit_order.OrderFillTracker.check_dust_and_build_fill(...)(Rust) andOrderFillTracker.check_dust_residual(...)(Python) emit a synthetic underfill fill atMatchedstatus whensubmitted - cumulative_filledis dust, so the order reachesFilledeven when the CLOB truncated the last tick. Underfill side only.
Limitations
- The tracker is keyed by
venue_order_idand registered after the HTTP accept response. Fills that arrive before the order is registered are buffered and snapped on drain. size_precisionis captured at registration and not re-read for the lifetime of the entry. On Polymarket this is safe: shares are denominated against pUSD (6-decimal USDC collateral), andsize_precisionis pinned to6for every BinaryOption. Thetick_size_changeWS event mutates onlyprice_precision/price_increment;rebuild_instrument_with_tick_sizeexplicitly preservessize_precisionandsize_incrementfrom the original instrument. If this invariant ever changes upstream, the tolerances will not re-scale until the order is re-registered.- The constants are not configurable per-strategy. They live in
nautilus_polymarket::common::consts(Rust) andnautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket.common.constants(Python).
WebSockets
The PolymarketWebSocketClient is built on top of the high-performance Nautilus WebSocketClient base class, written in Rust.
Data
The data adapter buffers the initial market subscriptions during the connection window and then
subscribes dynamically as new instruments are requested.
The client manages multiple WebSocket connections internally when the subscription count grows past
the configured per-connection cap.
Runtime instrument loading
Polymarket lists thousands of active markets and new markets appear throughout the day, so preloading the full universe at startup is rarely practical. The data adapter auto-loads missing instruments on demand so that strategies can subscribe to markets that are not in the cache:
- When a strategy issues
subscribe_quote_ticks,subscribe_trade_ticks,subscribe_order_book_deltas, orrequest_instrumentfor an instrument that is not cached, the adapter registers the request and waitsauto_load_debounce_ms(default 100 ms) so that concurrent requests coalesce. - It then issues a single batched Gamma API call. Batches larger than the Gamma
condition_idsquery ceiling (about 100) are split across multiple calls and merged. - Once the instruments are loaded, they are published to the data engine (populating the cache) and the deferred subscriptions open their WebSocket subscriptions atomically. A strategy that unsubscribes while the auto-load is in flight does not see a spurious subscription opened.
The feature is enabled by default. Disable it by setting auto_load_missing_instruments=False on
PolymarketDataClientConfig. To preload a known set of markets at startup instead, supply
load_ids or event_slug_builder on PolymarketInstrumentProviderConfig.
Execution
The execution adapter keeps a user channel connection for order and trade events and manages market
subscriptions as needed for instruments seen during trading.
Both the Python and Rust adapters support dynamic WebSocket subscribe and unsubscribe operations.
Subscription limits
Polymarket enforces a maximum of 500 instruments per WebSocket connection (undocumented limitation).
When you attempt to subscribe to 501 or more instruments on a single WebSocket connection:
- You will not receive the initial order book snapshot for each instrument.
- You will only receive subsequent order book updates.
NautilusTrader automatically manages WebSocket connections to handle this limitation:
- The adapter defaults to 200 instrument subscriptions per connection (configurable via
ws_max_subscriptions_per_connection). - When the subscription count exceeds this limit, additional WebSocket connections are created automatically.
- This ensures you receive complete order book data (including initial snapshots) for all subscribed instruments.
If you need to subscribe to a large number of instruments (e.g., 5000+), the adapter will automatically distribute these subscriptions across multiple WebSocket connections.
You can tune the per-connection limit up to 500 via ws_max_subscriptions_per_connection.
Rate limiting
Polymarket enforces rate limits via Cloudflare throttling. When limits are exceeded, the API returns HTTP 429 responses.
REST limits
Polymarket changes these quotas over time. As of 2026-04-17, the official limits are:
| Endpoint | Burst (10s) | Sustained (10 min) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| CLOB general | 9,000 | - | Aggregate across CLOB endpoints. |
CLOB POST /order | 3,500 | 36,000 | Single‑order submit. |
CLOB POST /orders | 1,000 | 15,000 | Batch submit (up to 15 orders per request). |
CLOB DELETE /order | 3,000 | 30,000 | Single‑order cancel. |
CLOB DELETE /orders | 1,000 | 15,000 | Batch cancel. |
CLOB GET /balance-allowance | 200 | - | Balance and allowance queries. |
| CLOB API key endpoints | 100 | - | Key management. |
Gamma /markets | 300 | - | Market metadata. |
Gamma /events | 500 | - | Event metadata. |
Data /trades | 200 | - | Trade history. |
Data /positions | 150 | - | Current positions. |
WebSocket limits
The WebSocket quotas are not part of the published REST rate-limits table.
The adapter ships a configurable per-connection subscription cap
(ws_max_subscriptions_per_connection) defaulting to 200; Polymarket previously
documented an upper bound of 500 per connection.
Exceeding Polymarket rate limits triggers Cloudflare throttling. Requests are queued using sliding windows rather than rejected immediately, but sustained overshoot can result in HTTP 429 responses or temporary blocking.
Data loader rate limiting
The PolymarketDataLoader includes built-in rate limiting when using the default HTTP client.
Requests are automatically throttled to 100 requests per minute by default.
That is a NautilusTrader default, not Polymarket's current published limit.
The current Rust HTTP clients also ship with conservative 100 requests per minute quotas.
When fetching large date ranges across multiple markets:
- Multiple loaders sharing the same
http_clientinstance will coordinate rate limiting automatically. - For higher throughput, pass a custom
http_clientwith adjusted quotas. - The loader does not implement automatic retry on 429 errors, so implement backoff if needed.
For the latest rate limit details, see the official Polymarket documentation: https://docs.polymarket.com/api-reference/rate-limits
Limitations and considerations
The following limitations are currently known:
- Python order signing via
py-clob-client-v2is slow and can take around one second per order. - Reduce-only orders are not supported.
- Batch submit (
POST /orders) accepts at most 15 orders per request; the adapter splits largerSubmitOrderListcommands into sequential 15-order chunks.
Configuration
The Python adapter (nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket) and the Rust-native adapter
(nautilus_trader.polymarket) expose different config surfaces. The tables below document
both adapters in full.
Data client options (Python v2)
Class: PolymarketDataClientConfig in nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket.config.
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
venue | POLYMARKET | Venue identifier registered for the data client. |
private_key | None | Wallet private key; sourced from POLYMARKET_PK when omitted. |
signature_type | 0 | Signature scheme (0 = EOA, 1 = email proxy, 2 = browser wallet proxy). |
funder | None | pUSD funding wallet; sourced from POLYMARKET_FUNDER when omitted. |
api_key | None | API key; sourced from POLYMARKET_API_KEY when omitted. |
api_secret | None | API secret; sourced from POLYMARKET_API_SECRET when omitted. |
passphrase | None | API passphrase; sourced from POLYMARKET_PASSPHRASE when omitted. |
base_url_http | None | Override for the REST base URL. |
base_url_ws | None | Override for the WebSocket base URL. |
proxy_url | None | Optional proxy URL for HTTP and WebSocket transports. |
ws_connection_initial_delay_secs | 5 | Delay (seconds) before the first WebSocket connection to buffer subscriptions. |
ws_connection_delay_secs | 0.1 | Delay (seconds) between subsequent WebSocket connection attempts. |
ws_max_subscriptions_per_connection | 200 | Maximum instrument subscriptions per WebSocket connection (Polymarket limit is 500). |
update_instruments_interval_mins | 60 | Interval (minutes) between instrument catalogue refreshes. |
compute_effective_deltas | False | Compute effective order book deltas for bandwidth savings. |
drop_quotes_missing_side | True | Drop quotes with missing bid/ask prices instead of substituting boundary values. |
instrument_config | None | Optional PolymarketInstrumentProviderConfig for instrument loading. |
Execution client options (Python v2)
Class: PolymarketExecClientConfig in nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket.config.
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
venue | POLYMARKET | Venue identifier registered for the execution client. |
private_key | None | Wallet private key; sourced from POLYMARKET_PK when omitted. |
signature_type | 0 | Signature scheme (0 = EOA, 1 = email proxy, 2 = browser wallet proxy). |
funder | None | pUSD funding wallet; sourced from POLYMARKET_FUNDER when omitted. |
api_key | None | API key; sourced from POLYMARKET_API_KEY when omitted. |
api_secret | None | API secret; sourced from POLYMARKET_API_SECRET when omitted. |
passphrase | None | API passphrase; sourced from POLYMARKET_PASSPHRASE when omitted. |
base_url_http | None | Override for the REST base URL. |
base_url_ws | None | Override for the WebSocket base URL. |
base_url_data_api | None | Override for the Data API base URL (default https://data-api.polymarket.com). |
proxy_url | None | Optional proxy URL for HTTP and WebSocket transports. |
ws_max_subscriptions_per_connection | 200 | Maximum instrument subscriptions per WebSocket connection (Polymarket limit is 500). |
max_retries | None | Maximum retry attempts for submit/cancel requests. |
retry_delay_initial_ms | None | Initial delay (milliseconds) between retries. |
retry_delay_max_ms | None | Maximum delay (milliseconds) between retries. |
ack_timeout_secs | 5.0 | Timeout (seconds) to wait for order/trade acknowledgment from cache. |
generate_order_history_from_trades | False | Generate synthetic order history from trade reports when True (experimental). |
log_raw_ws_messages | False | Log raw WebSocket payloads at INFO level when True. |
instrument_config | None | Optional PolymarketInstrumentProviderConfig for instrument loading. |
Data client options (Rust v2)
Struct: PolymarketDataClientConfig in crates/adapters/polymarket/src/config.rs.
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
base_url_http | None (official CLOB endpoint) | Override for the CLOB REST base URL. |
base_url_ws | None (official CLOB endpoint) | Override for the CLOB WebSocket base URL. |
base_url_gamma | None (official Gamma endpoint) | Override for the Gamma API base URL. |
base_url_data_api | None (https://data-api.polymarket.com) | Override for the Data API base URL. |
http_timeout_secs | 60 | HTTP request timeout (seconds). |
ws_timeout_secs | 30 | WebSocket connect/idle timeout (seconds). |
ws_max_subscriptions | 200 | Maximum instrument subscriptions per WebSocket connection. |
update_instruments_interval_mins | 60 | Interval (minutes) between instrument catalogue refreshes. |
subscribe_new_markets | false | Subscribe to new‑market discovery events via WebSocket when true. |
filters | [] | Instrument filters applied during loading and discovery. |
new_market_filter | None | Optional filter applied to newly discovered markets before emission. |
The Rust data client config does not accept account credentials; authentication is handled by
the execution client. Subscription buffering (ws_connection_initial_delay_secs) and quote
handling (compute_effective_deltas, drop_quotes_missing_side) are Python-only today.
Execution client options (Rust v2)
Struct: PolymarketExecClientConfig in crates/adapters/polymarket/src/config.rs.
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
trader_id | default TraderId | Trader identifier the client registers under. |
account_id | POLYMARKET-001 | Account identifier for this execution client. |
private_key | None (POLYMARKET_PK env) | Wallet private key for EIP-712 signing. |
api_key | None (POLYMARKET_API_KEY env) | CLOB API key (L2 auth). |
api_secret | None (POLYMARKET_API_SECRET env) | CLOB API secret (L2 auth). |
passphrase | None (POLYMARKET_PASSPHRASE env) | CLOB API passphrase (L2 auth). |
funder | None (POLYMARKET_FUNDER env) | pUSD funding wallet. |
signature_type | Eoa | Signature scheme (Eoa, PolyProxy, PolyGnosisSafe). |
base_url_http | None (official CLOB endpoint) | Override for the CLOB REST base URL. |
base_url_ws | None (official CLOB endpoint) | Override for the CLOB WebSocket base URL. |
base_url_data_api | None (https://data-api.polymarket.com) | Override for the Data API base URL. |
http_timeout_secs | 60 | HTTP request timeout (seconds). |
max_retries | 3 | Maximum retry attempts for single‑order submit/cancel requests. |
retry_delay_initial_ms | 1000 | Initial delay (milliseconds) between retries. |
retry_delay_max_ms | 10000 | Maximum delay (milliseconds) between retries. |
ack_timeout_secs | 5 | Timeout (seconds) waiting for WebSocket order/trade acknowledgment. |
The Rust execution client does not expose generate_order_history_from_trades,
log_raw_ws_messages, ws_max_subscriptions_per_connection, or instrument_config. Batch
submissions via POST /orders deliberately skip retry regardless of max_retries; the
single-order path still retries on transient failures.
Instrument provider configuration options
The instrument provider config is passed via the instrument_config parameter on the data client config.
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
load_all | False | Load all venue instruments on start. Auto‑set to True when event_slug_builder is provided. |
event_slug_builder | None | Fully qualified path to a callable returning event slugs (e.g., "mymodule:build_slugs"). |
Event slug builder
The event_slug_builder feature enables efficient loading of niche markets without downloading
the full venue catalogue. Instead of loading everything, you provide a function that returns
event slugs for the specific markets you need.
from nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket.providers import PolymarketInstrumentProviderConfig
# Configure with a slug builder function
instrument_config = PolymarketInstrumentProviderConfig(
event_slug_builder="myproject.slugs:build_temperature_slugs",
)The callable must have signature () -> list[str] and return a list of event slugs:
# myproject/slugs.py
from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
def build_temperature_slugs() -> list[str]:
"""Build slugs for NYC temperature markets."""
slugs = []
today = datetime.now(tz=UTC).date()
for i in range(7):
date = today + timedelta(days=i)
slug = f"highest-temperature-in-nyc-on-{date.strftime('%B-%d').lower()}"
slugs.append(slug)
return slugsSee examples/live/polymarket/slug_builders.py for more examples including crypto UpDown markets.
Historical data loading
The PolymarketDataLoader provides methods for fetching and parsing historical market data
for research and backtesting purposes. The loader integrates with multiple Polymarket APIs to provide the required data.
All data fetching methods are asynchronous and must be called with await. The loader can optionally accept an http_client parameter for dependency injection (useful for testing).
Data sources
The loader fetches data from three primary sources:
- Polymarket Gamma API - Market metadata, instrument details, and active market listings.
- Polymarket CLOB API - Market details for instrument construction.
- Polymarket Data API - Historical trades and current user positions.
The current loader does not expose helpers for CLOB price history timeseries or order book history snapshots.
Method naming conventions
The loader provides two ways to access the Polymarket APIs:
| Prefix | Type | Use case |
|---|---|---|
query_* | Static methods | API exploration without an instrument. No loader instance needed. |
fetch_* | Instance methods | Data fetching with a configured loader. Uses the loader's HTTP client. |
Use query_* when you want to explore markets, discover events, or fetch metadata
before committing to a specific instrument:
# No loader needed: query the API directly
market = await PolymarketDataLoader.query_market_by_slug("some-market")
event = await PolymarketDataLoader.query_event_by_slug("some-event")Use fetch_* when you have a loader instance and want to fetch data using its
configured HTTP client (for coordinated rate limiting across multiple calls):
loader = await PolymarketDataLoader.from_market_slug("some-market")
# All fetch calls share the loader's HTTP client
markets = await loader.fetch_markets(active=True, limit=100)
events = await loader.fetch_events(active=True)
details = await loader.fetch_market_details(condition_id)Finding markets
Use the provided utility scripts to discover active markets:
# List all active markets
python nautilus_trader/adapters/polymarket/scripts/active_markets.py
# List BTC and ETH UpDown markets specifically
python nautilus_trader/adapters/polymarket/scripts/list_updown_markets.pyBasic usage
The recommended way to create a loader is using the factory classmethods, which handle all the API calls and instrument creation automatically:
import asyncio
from nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket import PolymarketDataLoader
async def main():
# Create loader from market slug (recommended)
loader = await PolymarketDataLoader.from_market_slug("gta-vi-released-before-june-2026")
# Loader is ready to use with instrument and token_id set
print(loader.instrument)
print(loader.token_id)
asyncio.run(main())For events with multiple markets (e.g., temperature buckets), use from_event_slug:
# Returns a list of loaders, one per market in the event
loaders = await PolymarketDataLoader.from_event_slug("highest-temperature-in-nyc-on-january-26")Discovering markets and events
Use fetch_markets() and fetch_events() to discover available markets programmatically:
loader = await PolymarketDataLoader.from_market_slug("any-market")
# List active markets
markets = await loader.fetch_markets(active=True, closed=False, limit=100)
for market in markets:
print(f"{market['slug']}: {market['question']}")
# List active events
events = await loader.fetch_events(active=True, limit=50)
for event in events:
print(f"{event['slug']}: {event['title']}")
# Get all markets within a specific event
event_markets = await loader.get_event_markets("highest-temperature-in-nyc-on-january-26")For quick exploration without creating a loader, use the static query_* methods
(see Method naming conventions above).
Fetching trade history
The load_trades() convenience method fetches and parses historical trades in one step:
import pandas as pd
# Load all available trades
trades = await loader.load_trades()
# Or filter by time range (client-side filtering)
end = pd.Timestamp.now(tz="UTC")
start = end - pd.Timedelta(hours=24)
trades = await loader.load_trades(
start=start,
end=end,
)Alternatively, you can fetch and parse separately using the lower-level methods:
condition_id = loader.condition_id
# Fetch raw trades from the Polymarket Data API
raw_trades = await loader.fetch_trades(condition_id=condition_id)
# Parse to NautilusTrader TradeTicks
trades = loader.parse_trades(raw_trades)Trade data is sourced from the Polymarket Data API, which provides real execution data including price, size, side, and on-chain transaction hash.
Complete backtest example
See examples/backtest/polymarket_simple_quoter.py for a full example:
import asyncio
from decimal import Decimal
from nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket import POLYMARKET_VENUE
from nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket import PolymarketDataLoader
from nautilus_trader.backtest.config import BacktestEngineConfig
from nautilus_trader.backtest.engine import BacktestEngine
from nautilus_trader.examples.strategies.ema_cross_long_only import EMACrossLongOnly
from nautilus_trader.examples.strategies.ema_cross_long_only import EMACrossLongOnlyConfig
from nautilus_trader.model.currencies import pUSD
from nautilus_trader.model.data import BarType
from nautilus_trader.model.enums import AccountType
from nautilus_trader.model.enums import OmsType
from nautilus_trader.model.identifiers import TraderId
from nautilus_trader.model.objects import Money
async def run_backtest():
# Initialize loader and fetch market data
loader = await PolymarketDataLoader.from_market_slug("gta-vi-released-before-june-2026")
instrument = loader.instrument
# Load historical trades from the Polymarket Data API
trades = await loader.load_trades()
# Configure and run backtest
config = BacktestEngineConfig(trader_id=TraderId("BACKTESTER-001"))
engine = BacktestEngine(config=config)
engine.add_venue(
venue=POLYMARKET_VENUE,
oms_type=OmsType.NETTING,
account_type=AccountType.CASH,
base_currency=pUSD,
starting_balances=[Money(10_000, pUSD)],
)
engine.add_instrument(instrument)
engine.add_data(trades)
bar_type = BarType.from_str(f"{instrument.id}-100-TICK-LAST-INTERNAL")
strategy_config = EMACrossLongOnlyConfig(
instrument_id=instrument.id,
bar_type=bar_type,
trade_size=Decimal("20"),
)
strategy = EMACrossLongOnly(config=strategy_config)
engine.add_strategy(strategy=strategy)
engine.run()
# Display results
print(engine.trader.generate_account_report(POLYMARKET_VENUE))
# Run the backtest
asyncio.run(run_backtest())Run the complete example:
python examples/backtest/polymarket_simple_quoter.pyHelper functions
The adapter provides utility functions for working with Polymarket identifiers:
from nautilus_trader.adapters.polymarket import get_polymarket_instrument_id
# Create NautilusTrader InstrumentId from Polymarket identifiers
instrument_id = get_polymarket_instrument_id(
condition_id="0xcccb7e7613a087c132b69cbf3a02bece3fdcb824c1da54ae79acc8d4a562d902",
token_id="8441400852834915183759801017793514978104486628517653995211751018945988243154"
)Contributing
For additional features or to contribute to the Polymarket adapter, please see our contributing guide.