On-Chain Grid Market Making with Short-Term Orders (dYdX)

This tutorial runs the shipped GridMarketMaker strategy on dYdX v4 through the Rust LiveNode. The strategy places symmetric limit orders around the mid, skews the grid to manage inventory, and lets the venue cycle short-term orders by time-to-block expiry instead of explicit cancels.

Introduction

A grid market maker maintains a ladder of resting buy and sell limits at fixed price intervals around the current mid. When an order fills, the strategy profits from the spread between the buy and sell levels. Inventory management keeps net exposure within max_position so the grid does not accumulate a directional position.

Inventory skewing (Avellaneda-Stoikov inspired)

When the position grows long the entire grid shifts down (cheaper buys, cheaper sells) to encourage the next fill on the sell side. When the position grows short the grid shifts up. This mirrors the Avellaneda-Stoikov framework adapted to a discrete grid.

Why dYdX v4

dYdX v4 fits market-making well:

• Short-term orders with ~20-second expiry: low-latency placement, no on-chain storage cost.
• ~0.5-second block times for fast confirmation cycles.
• No gas fees for cancellations: short-term cancels are free under GTB replay protection.
• On-chain order book with deterministic per-block matching.
• Batch cancel: one MsgBatchCancel clears every short-term order.

Prerequisites

Funded dYdX account

You need a dYdX account with USDC collateral. See the Testnet setup section in the integration guide for instructions on creating and funding a testnet account. The testnet wallet also needs an API trading key registered through the dYdX UI.

Environment variables

# Mainnet
export DYDX_PRIVATE_KEY="0x..."
export DYDX_WALLET_ADDRESS="dydx1..."

# Testnet
export DYDX_TESTNET_PRIVATE_KEY="0x..."
export DYDX_TESTNET_WALLET_ADDRESS="dydx1..."

Strategy overview

Geometric grid pricing

Each level is a fixed percentage (basis points) away from mid:

Buy level N:  mid * (1 - bps/10000)^N - skew
Sell level N: mid * (1 + bps/10000)^N - skew

Where skew = skew_factor * net_position.

For a 3-level grid with grid_step_bps=100 (1%) around a mid of 1000.00:

                        Sell 3: 1030.30
                    Sell 2: 1020.10
                Sell 1: 1010.00
            ─── Mid: 1000.00 ───
                Buy 1:  990.00
                    Buy 2:  980.10
                        Buy 3:  970.30

With a long-2 position and skew_factor=1.0, the entire grid shifts down by 2.0:

                        Sell 3: 1028.30
                    Sell 2: 1018.10
                Sell 1: 1008.00
            ─── Mid: 1000.00 ───
                Buy 1:  988.00
                    Buy 2:  978.10
                        Buy 3:  968.30

Inventory management

The strategy enforces position limits through two mechanisms:

1. max_position: a hard cap on net exposure (long or short). When the projected exposure from adding the next grid level would breach this cap, that level is skipped.
2. Projected exposure tracking: before placing each level the strategy tracks the worst-case per-side exposure (current position + all pending buy / sell orders) to avoid over-committing.

cancel_all_orders is asynchronous, so pending orders may still fill between the cancel request and acknowledgement. Tracking worst-case per-side exposure prevents momentary over-exposure during cancel-requote transitions.

Requote threshold

requote_threshold_bps controls how much the mid must move before the strategy cancels all open orders and places a fresh grid:

• Lower threshold (5 bps): more responsive, more cancel/place transactions.
• Higher threshold (50 bps): fewer transactions, but orders may sit further from the current price.

Configuration

Choosing parameters

• grid_step_bps: 50-100 bps in volatile markets, 5-20 bps in calm conditions. Wider grids capture more spread per fill but fill less often.
• skew_factor: start at 0.0. A value of 0.5 shifts the grid by 0.5 price units per unit of net position. Too aggressive a skew can move the grid entirely above or below mid.
• expire_time_secs: for dYdX short-term orders, set to 8 seconds. That fits inside the 40-block (~20 s) short-term window and keeps the orders on the fast short-term path. When None, orders use GTC and the long-term path.
• on_cancel_resubmit: triggers a resubmission on the next quote tick after an unexpected cancel (self-trade prevention, risk limits). Short-term order expiry is silent and does not generate cancel events, so the grid refreshes via continuous requoting rather than this flag.

dYdX-specific considerations

Short-term order expiry

When expire_time_secs=8, orders are classified as short-term by the adapter:

1. The adapter checks 8s < max_short_term_secs (40 blocks * ~0.5s = ~20s).
2. The order is submitted as short-term with GoodTilBlock = current_height + N.
3. The order expires silently after about eight seconds if not filled.

This is the recommended configuration for market making because:

• Short-term orders have lower latency.
• Expiry has no gas cost (GTB replay protection handles it).
• Continuous requoting replaces expired orders.

See the order classification section in the integration guide for full details.

Unexpected cancels and on_cancel_resubmit

The pending_self_cancels set distinguishes self-initiated from unexpected cancels:

1. When the strategy calls cancel_all_orders, it records all open order IDs in pending_self_cancels.
2. When on_order_canceled fires:
   • If the order ID is in pending_self_cancels, it is a self-cancel and no action is needed.
   • Otherwise it is unexpected (self-trade prevention or a risk limit). Reset last_quoted_mid so the next quote triggers a full grid resubmission.

This stops the strategy re-quoting unnecessarily during its own cancel waves while still responding to surprises.

on_order_filled also removes the order from pending_self_cancels. If an order fills before the cancel acknowledgement arrives, this prevents stale entries from accumulating.

Order quantization

Price and size quantization for dYdX markets is handled automatically by the adapter's OrderMessageBuilder. No manual rounding or conversion is needed. See Price and size quantization for details.

Post-only orders

All grid orders are submitted with post_only=true. The exchange rejects any order that would cross the spread at match time, so every fill lands at the maker fee rate and the grid never inadvertently lifts its own offers during requote transitions.

Running and stopping

Environment setup

Credentials load from environment variables or a .env file at the project root (loaded automatically via dotenvy):

# Direct export
export DYDX_PRIVATE_KEY="0x..."
export DYDX_WALLET_ADDRESS="dydx1..."

# .env equivalent
DYDX_PRIVATE_KEY=0x...
DYDX_WALLET_ADDRESS=dydx1...

Run the example

# Mainnet (default)
cargo run --example dydx-grid-mm --package nautilus-dydx --features examples

# Testnet (set DYDX_NETWORK=testnet, requires testnet API trading key)
DYDX_NETWORK=testnet \
  cargo run --example dydx-grid-mm --package nautilus-dydx --features examples

Graceful shutdown

Press Ctrl+C to stop the node. The shutdown sequence:

1. SIGINT received, trader stops, on_stop fires.
2. Strategy cancels all orders and closes positions.
3. 5-second grace period (delay_post_stop_secs) processes residual events.
4. Clients disconnect, node exits.

Code walkthrough

The main function lives at crates/adapters/dydx/examples/node_grid_mm.rs:

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    dotenvy::dotenv().ok();

    let network = match std::env::var("DYDX_NETWORK") {
        Err(_) => DydxNetwork::Mainnet,
        Ok(value) => match value.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
            "testnet" => DydxNetwork::Testnet,
            "mainnet" | "" => DydxNetwork::Mainnet,
            other => {
                return Err(format!(
                    "DYDX_NETWORK must be 'mainnet' or 'testnet' (case-insensitive), got '{other}'",
                )
                .into());
            }
        },
    };

    let environment = Environment::Live;
    let trader_id = TraderId::from("TESTER-001");
    let account_id = AccountId::from("DYDX-001");
    let node_name = "DYDX-GRID-MM-001".to_string();
    let instrument_id = InstrumentId::from("ETH-USD-PERP.DYDX");

    let data_config = DydxDataClientConfig {
        network,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let exec_config = DydxExecClientConfig {
        trader_id,
        account_id,
        network,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let data_factory = DydxDataClientFactory::new();
    let exec_factory = DydxExecutionClientFactory::new();

    let log_config = LoggerConfig {
        stdout_level: LevelFilter::Info,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let mut node = LiveNode::builder(trader_id, environment)?
        .with_name(node_name)
        .with_logging(log_config)
        .add_data_client(None, Box::new(data_factory), Box::new(data_config))?
        .add_exec_client(None, Box::new(exec_factory), Box::new(exec_config))?
        .with_reconciliation(false)
        .with_delay_post_stop_secs(5)
        .build()?;

    let config = GridMarketMakerConfig::new(instrument_id, Quantity::from("0.10"))
        .with_num_levels(3)
        .with_grid_step_bps(100)
        .with_skew_factor(0.5)
        .with_requote_threshold_bps(10)
        .with_expire_time_secs(8)
        .with_on_cancel_resubmit(true);
    let strategy = GridMarketMaker::new(config);

    node.add_strategy(strategy)?;
    node.run().await?;

    Ok(())
}

Configuration points:

• dotenvy::dotenv().ok(): loads .env from the project root if present.
• with_reconciliation(false): disabled for simplicity; enable in production to resume state across restarts.
• with_delay_post_stop_secs(5): grace period for pending cancel and close events to finalize during shutdown.

Event flow

Strategy internals

The key Rust snippets from grid_mm.rs follow.

Trade size resolution (on_start)

Trade size resolves from the instrument cache: config value first, then the instrument's min_quantity, then 1.0 as a final fallback.

fn on_start(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let instrument_id = self.config.instrument_id;
    let (instrument, size_precision, min_quantity) = {
        let cache = self.cache();
        let instrument = cache
            .instrument(&instrument_id)
            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Instrument {instrument_id} not found in cache"))?;
        (
            instrument.clone(),
            instrument.size_precision(),
            instrument.min_quantity(),
        )
    };
    self.price_precision = Some(instrument.price_precision());
    self.instrument = Some(instrument);

    if self.trade_size.is_none() {
        self.trade_size =
            Some(min_quantity.unwrap_or_else(|| Quantity::new(1.0, size_precision)));
    }

    self.subscribe_quotes(instrument_id, None, None);
    Ok(())
}

Quote handler (on_quote, abbreviated)

fn on_quote(&mut self, quote: &QuoteTick) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let mid_f64 = (quote.bid_price.as_f64() + quote.ask_price.as_f64()) / 2.0;
    let mid = Price::new(
        mid_f64,
        self.price_precision
            .expect("price_precision should be resolved in on_start"),
    );

    if !self.should_requote(mid) {
        return Ok(()); // Mid hasn't moved enough, keep existing grid
    }

    self.cancel_all_orders(instrument_id, None, None)?;

    let (net_position, worst_long, worst_short) = { /* ... */ };

    let grid = self.grid_orders(mid, net_position, worst_long, worst_short);

    if grid.is_empty() {
        return Ok(()); // Don't advance requote anchor when fully constrained
    }

    let (tif, expire_time) = match self.config.expire_time_secs {
        Some(secs) => {
            let now_ns = self.core.clock().timestamp_ns();
            let expire_ns = now_ns + secs * 1_000_000_000;
            (Some(TimeInForce::Gtd), Some(expire_ns))
        }
        None => (None, None),
    };

    for (side, price) in grid {
        let order = self.core.order_factory().limit(
            instrument_id,
            side,
            trade_size,
            price,
            tif,
            expire_time,
            Some(true), // post_only
        );
        self.submit_order(order, None, None)?;
    }

    self.last_quoted_mid = Some(mid);
    Ok(())
}

Grid pricing (grid_orders)

Computes geometric grid prices and enforces max_position per level:

fn grid_orders(
    &self,
    mid: Price,
    net_position: f64,
    worst_long: Decimal,
    worst_short: Decimal,
) -> Vec<(OrderSide, Price)> {
    let instrument = self
        .instrument
        .as_ref()
        .expect("instrument should be resolved in on_start");
    let mid_f64 = mid.as_f64();
    let skew_f64 = self.config.skew_factor * net_position;
    let pct = self.config.grid_step_bps as f64 / 10_000.0;
    let trade_size = self
        .trade_size
        .expect("trade_size should be resolved in on_start")
        .as_decimal();
    let max_pos = self.config.max_position.as_decimal();
    let mut projected_long = worst_long;
    let mut projected_short = worst_short;
    let mut orders = Vec::new();

    for level in 1..=self.config.num_levels {
        let buy_f64 = mid_f64 * (1.0 - pct).powi(level as i32) - skew_f64;
        let sell_f64 = mid_f64 * (1.0 + pct).powi(level as i32) - skew_f64;
        let buy_price = instrument.next_bid_price(buy_f64, 0);
        let sell_price = instrument.next_ask_price(sell_f64, 0);

        if let Some(buy_price) = buy_price
            && projected_long + trade_size <= max_pos
        {
            orders.push((OrderSide::Buy, buy_price));
            projected_long += trade_size;
        }

        if let Some(sell_price) = sell_price
            && projected_short - trade_size >= -max_pos
        {
            orders.push((OrderSide::Sell, sell_price));
            projected_short -= trade_size;
        }
    }

    orders
}

What a 35-second mainnet run produces

A 35-second mainnet run on ETH-USD-PERP.DYDX with the example config (grid_step_bps=100, num_levels=3, skew_factor=0.5, requote_threshold_bps=10, expire_time_secs=8) captures 47 requote events, 276 order submissions, 67 accepts, and 54 cancels. ETH was trading near 2,281 USD: the price never moved enough to trip the 10 bps requote threshold, so most cycles trigger from the periodic 8-second short-term order expiry rather than from price movement.

Figure 1. ETH-USD-PERP mid at every requote with the six theoretical grid bands (3 levels each side, 100 bps step). Mid sits near 2,281 USD; the inner buy and sell levels are at ~2,258 and ~2,304 USD.

Figure 2. Time from OrderAccepted to OrderCanceled per short-term order, in seconds. The mass near 7-8 seconds matches the expire_time_secs=8 setting; the smaller cluster below 6 seconds is strategy-initiated cancels during requote transitions.

Figure 3. Order submission count per 250-ms bucket, split by side. Each requote cycle places six orders (3 buys + 3 sells); the spacing between bursts is the requote interval.

Figure 4. Theoretical short-term order timeline with expire_time_secs=8 and 0.5-second blocks. The bottom panel tracks how the chain block height advances; each order's GoodTilBlock target is set to ~16 blocks ahead, giving the eight-second expiry.

Regenerate the panels

# Capture a 35-second mainnet run.
timeout 35 ./target/release/examples/dydx-grid-mm > /tmp/dydx_main.log 2>&1

uv sync --extra visualization
DYDX_LOG=/tmp/dydx_main.log \
    python3 docs/tutorials/assets/grid_market_maker_dydx/render_panels.py

Monitoring and understanding output

Key log messages

Expected behaviour patterns

1. Startup: instruments load, WebSocket connects, first quote triggers initial grid.
2. Steady state: grid persists across ticks; requotes only when mid moves more than requote_threshold_bps.
3. Fills: position updates, skew adjusts, the next requote shifts the grid.
4. Expiry: short-term orders expire silently after about eight seconds; the next requote refreshes the grid.
5. Shutdown: all orders cancelled, positions closed, WebSocket disconnected.

Customization tips

High vs low volatility

Multiple instruments

Run separate GridMarketMaker instances per instrument. Each instance manages its own grid, position, and cancel state independently:

let btc_config = GridMarketMakerConfig::new(
    InstrumentId::from("BTC-USD-PERP.DYDX"),
    Quantity::from("0.001"),
)
.with_strategy_id(StrategyId::from("GRID_MM-BTC"))
.with_order_id_tag("BTC".to_string())
.with_grid_step_bps(50);

let eth_config = GridMarketMakerConfig::new(
    InstrumentId::from("ETH-USD-PERP.DYDX"),
    Quantity::from("0.10"),
)
.with_strategy_id(StrategyId::from("GRID_MM-ETH"))
.with_order_id_tag("ETH".to_string())
.with_grid_step_bps(100);

node.add_strategy(GridMarketMaker::new(btc_config))?;
node.add_strategy(GridMarketMaker::new(eth_config))?;

Mainnet vs testnet toggle

The example reads DYDX_NETWORK and selects the appropriate endpoint and credential set. Set DYDX_NETWORK=testnet to run against testnet; leave unset for mainnet.

Further reading

• dYdX v4 Integration Guide: full adapter reference.
• dYdX Protocol Documentation: official protocol docs.
• Order types: protocol-level order mechanics.
• Grid Market Making with a Deadman's Switch (BitMEX): comparison with deadman's switch as an alternative to short-term order expiry.